Multiple Scalogram Analysis: A Set-Theoretic Model for Analyzing Dichotomous Items1

AMONG the various criticisms that have been directed against the scaling technique of Guttman (1944), a major one has been in reference to his concept of a “universe of content,’ (see, for example, Festinger [ 19471 and Loevinger [ 19481 ) . This particular concept lies a t the basis for item construction and selection in Guttman’s scalogram method. Quite generally what is meant by this phrase is the set of all statements which may be made in reference to a single variable or trait, as for example, Yove of country,”