Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of Multi-state Cellular Automata

Motivated by the fact that many cellular automata (CAs) for describing biological, physical or chemical processes are built upon more than two states, whereas most the majority of results on the stability of CAs is restricted to two-state CAs, we show in this paper how non-directional Lyapunov exponents can be used to assess the stability of multi-state CAs. Moreover, we pay particular attention to the different types of defects that may emerge during the evolution of such CAs from a single initial defect of a given type. Numerical results are presented for the family of three-state totalistic CAs.

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