Matériau, matière d'architecture soutenablechoix responsable des matériaux de construction pour une conception globale de l'architecture soutenable

The choice of materials is a fundamental step in the process of architectural design of a building. This step becomes now predominant because architects, in terms of choice, face three major issues: the expansion and multiplication of new materials, the desire for dematerialisation generated by the separation between the building structure and building envelope and its energy requirements, environmental and health. If these last two centuries, in a spirit of modernity, contributed to technological chemical development and chemical of building materials and to the mutation of architecture, they have created a major change in the relationship between human being and nature: human being broke free of the ecosystem to which he belonged by considering it as a commodity and exploiting natural resources without restraint. In doing so, human being increased pollution phenomena and disturbances of the terrestrial ecosystem but contributed also to the deterioration of his health. Since the publication of the Brundtland Report in 1987, human being gradually recognizes its responsibilities and is aware of the urgency to respond effectively to curb stop to see the process started. If the construction is not the only sector responsible for this situation, it has the bigger potential for change and improvement both in terms of resource use and that the reduction of emissions (air pollution, indoor air quality, waste generation), but it is also a sector that has the most influence on our lifestyle and in doing so, the way we operate, we consume, we think. This thesis questions the issues of materials and building materials in the design of sustainable architecture. The building material plays an important role in the architecture by meeting the requirements of protection and comfort and technical performance while promoting an architectural language and awakening sensations. But the role of materials in the design of sustainable architecture goes beyond the notion of image or performance: the building material must now meet the requirements of resource conservation, environmental impact, of impact on health, but also to requirements reuse or recycling. The issue of choice is tackled using a prospective, comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. Prospective, because it incorporates not only environmental and health impacts scientifically proven, but also those who are "suspected " and that every step of the lifecycle of building materials. Comprehensive, because it takes into account all stages of the life cycle of materials and construction. Multidisciplinary, because it develops around the building material, sensitive issues, scientific, historical, industrial, technical, environmental, health, etc.. This holistic view of the construction material used to expand the scope of considerations by revealing and combining, by a "reasoned" using of three materialities of it: the “visible” materiality, the “intrinsically “materiality and the “sustainable “materiality By the study of building materials, the study of their evolution and their characteristics, by identifying the environmental and health impacts caused by them throughout their life cycle, different concepts such as concept of cause to effect, concept of cycle and principle of precaution have been highlighted. These concepts, when they are integrated early in the process of design and construction, can not only promote an honest architecture, filled with meaning and consistent with its location and function, but also to reconcile human being with its environment and with himself. Placing the environmental and health aspects at the top of a pyramid of assessment criteria would revive a selection process "responsible". This process responsible would highlight the potential technical, energy and environmental building materials in the design and architectural composition and that, without hampering creativity and innovation of each architect in regard to the specific surface offered by the material, from the substances. In order to encourage this process, this thesis has sought to develop a tool for assessing environmental and health components of a building. This tool is based partly on a forward thinking beyond the present knowledge and secondly, a holistic approach throughout the life cycle of materials and systems and on a consistent set of criteria to both quantitative and qualitative