TEN NEW AND UPDATED MULTIPLANET SYSTEMS AND A SURVEY OF EXOPLANETARY SYSTEMS

We present the latest velocities for ten multiplanet systems, including a re-analysis of archival Keck and Lick data, resulting in improved velocities that supersede our previously published measurements. We derive updated orbital fits for 10 Lick and Keck systems, including two systems (HD 11964, HD 183263) for which we provide confirmation of second planets only tentatively identified elsewhere, and two others (HD 187123 and HD 217107) for which we provide a major revision of the outer planet's orbit. We compile orbital elements from the literature to generate a catalog of the 28 published multiple-planet systems around stars within 200 pc. From this catalog we find several intriguing patterns emerging: (1) including those systems with long-term radial velocity trends, at least 28% of known planetary systems appear to contain multiple planets; (2) planets in multiple-planet systems have somewhat smaller eccentricities than single planets; and (3) the distribution of orbital distances of planets in multiplanet systems and single planets are inconsistent: single-planet systems show a pileup at P ~ 3 days and a jump near 1 AU, while multiplanet systems show a more uniform distribution in log-period. In addition, among all planetary systems we find the following. (1) There may be an emerging, positive correlation between stellar mass and giant-planet semimajor axis. (2) Exoplanets with M sin i > 1 M_(Jup) more massive than Jupiter have eccentricities broadly distributed across 0 < e < 0.5, while lower mass exoplanets exhibit a distribution peaked near e = 0.

[1]  R. Paul Butler,et al.  Scientific Frontiers in Research on Extrasolar Planets , 2003 .

[2]  E. Chiang,et al.  Eccentricity Excitation and Apsidal Resonance Capture in the Planetary System υ Andromedae , 2002, astro-ph/0205273.

[3]  M. Mayor,et al.  A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star , 1995, Nature.

[4]  K. Ulaczyk,et al.  Discovery of a Jupiter/Saturn Analog with Gravitational Microlensing , 2008, Science.

[5]  J. Chambers A hybrid symplectic integrator that permits close encounters between massive bodies , 1999 .

[6]  R. P. Butler,et al.  Planetary Companions to HD 136118, HD 50554, and HD 106252 , 2002 .

[7]  E. Ford,et al.  A THIRD GIANT PLANET ORBITING HIP 14810 , 2009, 0906.0567.

[8]  R. Paul Butler,et al.  A Pair of Resonant Planets Orbiting GJ 876 , 2001 .

[9]  Two Suns in The Sky: Stellar Multiplicity in Exoplanet Systems , 2006, astro-ph/0603836.

[10]  R. P. Butler,et al.  Planetary Companions around Two Solar‐Type Stars: HD 195019 and HD 217107 , 1998, astro-ph/9810420.

[11]  J. Brandt,et al.  New horizons in astronomy , 1972 .

[12]  J. Valenti,et al.  Spectroscopic Properties of Cool Stars (SPOCS). I. 1040 F, G, and K Dwarfs from Keck, Lick, and AAT Planet Search Programs , 2005 .

[13]  Michel Mayor,et al.  An extrasolar planetary system with three Neptune-mass planets , 2006, Nature.

[14]  O. Tamuz,et al.  The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. VIII. μ Arae , a system with four planets , 2006, astro-ph/0608396.

[15]  William D. Cochran,et al.  Long-period Objects in the Extrasolar Planetary Systems 47 Uma and 14 Her Companion to 47 Uma Using Data from Lick Observa , 2006 .

[16]  R. Paul Butler,et al.  On the 2:1 Orbital Resonance in the HD 82943 Planetary System , 2005 .

[17]  D. Lin,et al.  Evolution of Planetesimals. II. Numerical Simulations , 1993 .

[18]  R. Paul Butler,et al.  A New Planet around an M Dwarf: Revealing a Correlation between Exoplanets and Stellar Mass , 2007, 0707.2409.

[19]  W. Cochran,et al.  Exploring the Frequency of Close-in Jovian Planets around M Dwarfs , 2006, astro-ph/0606121.

[20]  A. Lagrange,et al.  Extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs around A–F type stars - V. A planetary system found with HARPS around the F6IV–V star HD 60532 , 2008, 0809.3862.

[21]  Harold F. Levison,et al.  Modeling the Diversity of Outer Planetary Systems , 1998 .

[22]  R. Paul Butler,et al.  A Planet Orbiting 47 Ursae Majoris , 1996 .

[23]  C. G. Tinney,et al.  Four New Exoplanets and Hints of Additional Substellar Companions to Exoplanet Host Stars , 2007 .

[24]  Origins of Eccentric Extrasolar Planets: Testing the Planet-Planet Scattering Model , 2007, astro-ph/0703163.

[25]  Hidekazu Tanaka,et al.  Three-dimensional Interaction between a Planet and an Isothermal Gaseous Disk. II. Eccentricity Waves and Bending Waves , 2004 .

[26]  D. Frail,et al.  A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257 + 12 , 1992, Nature.

[27]  Structure and Evolution of Nearby Stars with Planets. II. Physical Properties of ~1000 Cool Stars from the SPOCS Catalog , 2006, astro-ph/0607235.

[28]  Donald Ervin Knuth,et al.  The Art of Computer Programming , 1968 .

[29]  J. Bean,et al.  A Planetary System around HD 155358: The Lowest Metallicity Planet Host Star , 2007, 0705.3228.

[30]  Toronto,et al.  Modeling the resonant planetary system GJ 876 , 2005, astro-ph/0503579.

[31]  Sean N. Raymond,et al.  PLANET–PLANET SCATTERING IN PLANETESIMAL DISKS , 2009, 0905.3741.

[32]  Jason T. Wright,et al.  Retired A Stars and Their Companions: Exoplanets Orbiting Three Intermediate-Mass Subgiants , 2007, 0704.2455.

[33]  D. Queloz,et al.  The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets. XII. Orbital solutions for 16 extra-solar planets discovered with CORALIE , 2003, astro-ph/0310316.

[34]  E. Kokubo,et al.  Formation of Protoplanet Systems and Diversity of Planetary Systems , 2002 .

[35]  G. Laughlin,et al.  Extrasolar Trojans: The Viability and Detectability of Planets in the 1:1 Resonance , 2002, astro-ph/0204091.

[36]  T. Quinn,et al.  The (In)stability of Planetary Systems , 2004, astro-ph/0401171.

[37]  Andrew Cumming,et al.  The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets , 2008, 0803.3357.

[38]  R. Paul Butler,et al.  The 2:1 Resonant Exoplanetary System Orbiting HD 73526 , 2006, astro-ph/0602557.

[39]  Eric B. Ford,et al.  Planet–planet scattering in the upsilon Andromedae system , 2005, Nature.

[40]  David E. Trilling,et al.  Easy Come, Easy Go: Orbital Migration and the Frequency of Giant Planet Formation , 2000 .

[41]  R. Rosenfeld Nature , 2009, Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

[42]  Evolution of planetary systems in resonance , 2003, astro-ph/0310321.

[43]  Drake Deming,et al.  Scientific Frontiers in Research on Extrasolar Planets , 2003 .

[44]  R. Paul Butler,et al.  A Second Planet Orbiting 47 Ursae Majoris , 2002 .

[45]  R. Paul Butler,et al.  Evidence for Multiple Companions to υ Andromedae , 1999 .

[46]  J. Valenti,et al.  The Planet-Metallicity Correlation , 2005 .

[47]  R. Nelson,et al.  On the evolution of multiple protoplanets embedded in a protostellar disc , 2006 .

[48]  Stephen J. Mackwell,et al.  37th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference , 2003 .

[49]  C. G. Tinney,et al.  Catalog of nearby exoplanets , 2006 .

[50]  G. Laughlin,et al.  On the Radii of Extrasolar Giant Planets , 2003 .

[51]  S. Raymond,et al.  The Successful Prediction of the Extrasolar Planet HD 74156d , 2008, 0804.4496.

[52]  S. Peale,et al.  Secular Evolution of Hierarchical Planetary Systems , 2002, astro-ph/0304454.

[53]  The metal-rich nature of stars with planets , 2001, astro-ph/0105216.

[54]  S. Kannappan New horizons in astronomy : Frank N. Bash Symposium 2005 : proceedings of a meeting held at the University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA, 16-18 October 2005 , 2006 .

[55]  R. P. Butler,et al.  Detection of a Neptune-Mass Planet in the ρ1 Cancri System Using the Hobby-Eberly Telescope , 2004, astro-ph/0408585.

[56]  Michel Mayor,et al.  The impact of stellar duplicity on planet occurrence and properties. I. Observational results of a V , 2007 .

[57]  Maciej Konacki,et al.  HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPIC FOLLOW-UP OF OGLE PLANETARY TRANSIT CANDIDATES IN THE GALACTIC BULGE: TWO POSSIBLE JUPITER-MASS PLANETS AND TWO BLENDS , 2003 .

[58]  Possible commensurabilities among pairs of extrasolar planets , 2002, astro-ph/0203483.

[59]  D. Queloz,et al.  The ELODIE survey for northern extra-solar planets. III. Three planetary candidates detected with ELODIE , 2003, astro-ph/0310261.

[60]  Howard Isaacson,et al.  Five Planets Orbiting 55 Cancri , 2007, 0712.3917.

[61]  F. Bouchy,et al.  The HARPS survey for southern extra-solar planets. II. A 14 Earth-masses exoplanet around μ Arae , 2004, astro-ph/0408471.

[62]  Z. Sándor,et al.  On the evolution of the resonant planetary system HD 128311 , 2006, astro-ph/0603664.

[63]  R. Paul Butler,et al.  Five New Multicomponent Planetary Systems , 2005 .

[64]  J. Lissauer,et al.  A ~7.5 M⊕ Planet Orbiting the Nearby Star, GJ 876* , 2005, astro-ph/0510508.

[65]  Jack J. Lissauer,et al.  Formation of the Giant Planets by Concurrent Accretion of Solids and Gas , 1995 .

[66]  D. Queloz,et al.  The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XI. Super-Earths (5 and 8 M{⊕}) in a 3-planet system , 2007, 0704.3841.

[67]  R. Paul Butler,et al.  Planetary Companions to HD 12661, HD 92788, and HD 38529 and Variations in Keplerian Residuals of Extrasolar Planets , 2001 .

[68]  R. P. Butler,et al.  A Planet with a 3.1 Day Period around a Solar Twin , 1998 .

[69]  Eccentricity Evolution for Planets in Gaseous Disks , 2002, astro-ph/0202462.

[70]  Jason T. Wright,et al.  Five New Extrasolar Planets , 2005 .

[71]  V. Kashyap,et al.  Extrasolar Giant Planets and X-Ray Activity , 2008, 0807.1308.

[72]  J. Wisdom,et al.  Symplectic maps for the N-body problem. , 1991 .

[73]  Peter Bodenheimer,et al.  On the Interaction between Protoplanets and Protostellar Disks , 2000 .

[74]  Shigeru Ida,et al.  Toward a Deterministic Model of Planetary Formation. II. The Formation and Retention of Gas Giant Planets around Stars with a Range of Metallicities , 2004, astro-ph/0408019.

[75]  P. C. Gregory,et al.  A Bayesian periodogram finds evidence for three planets in HD 11964 , 2007, 0709.0970.

[76]  Tidal decay of close planetary orbits , 1996, astro-ph/9605059.

[77]  G. Benedict,et al.  Detection of a Third Planet in the HD 74156 System Using the Hobby-Eberly Telescope , 2007, 0709.1656.

[78]  F. Bouchy,et al.  The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets - XIII. A planetary system with 3 super-Earths (4.2, 6.9, and 9.2 M) , 2008, 0806.4587.

[79]  D. C. Heggie,et al.  Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy , 2004 .

[80]  Douglas N. C. Lin,et al.  Toward a Deterministic Model of Planetary Formation. V. Accumulation Near the Ice Line and Super-Earths , 2008 .

[81]  J. Wright,et al.  Radial velocity jitter in stars from the california and carnegie planet search at keck observatory , 2005 .

[82]  J. Laskar,et al.  The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets - XIII. A pair of planets around HD 202206 or a circumbinary planet? , 2005 .

[83]  ORBITAL MIGRATION AND MASS ACCRETION OF PROTOPLANETS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL GLOBAL COMPUTATIONS WITH NESTED GRIDS , 2003, astro-ph/0308055.