Taking time seriously How do we deal with change in historical networks ?

Sociologists are arguably the first, among humanists and social scientists, who have built a consistent canon of social network analysis. This includes often cited pioneering papers, the concepts and indicators that these had introduced, software allowing to calculate such indicators and to produce more and more standardized visualizations, and textbooks summing up and coagulating these elements (e.g. Scott/Carrington 2011). In this canon, standard network data typically include a dozen to a few hundreds individuals or organizations, whose ties are described thanks to sociometric surveys, i.e. by asking individuals about one or a few specific types of rela tionships at a given moment. Non-standard data of course have always exi-