Introduction to Ordination Techniques

The main ordination techniques used in ecology to display data on species and/or sites are described and attention is drawn to three areas of confusion whose clear understanding governs proper use. These are (i) the relevance of different types of data and measurement-scales: (e.g. presence/absence, abundance, biomass, counts, ratio-scales, interval-scales) (ii) the different implicit models that underly what superficially may seem to be similar kinds of display but which are to be interpreted differently (e.g. through distance angle or asymmetry) (iii) the distinction between a two-way table and a multivariate sample (units x variables).

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