Tiled vector data model for the geographical features of symbolized maps

Electronic maps (E-maps) provide people with convenience in real-world space. Although web map services can display maps on screens, a more important function is their ability to access geographical features. An E-map that is based on raster tiles is inferior to vector tiles in terms of interactive ability because vector maps provide a convenient and effective method to access and manipulate web map features. However, the critical issue regarding rendering tiled vector maps is that geographical features that are rendered in the form of map symbols via vector tiles may cause visual discontinuities, such as graphic conflicts and losses of data around the borders of tiles, which likely represent the main obstacles to exploring vector map tiles on the web. This paper proposes a tiled vector data model for geographical features in symbolized maps that considers the relationships among geographical features, symbol representations and map renderings. This model presents a method to tailor geographical features in terms of map symbols and ‘addition’ (join) operations on the following two levels: geographical features and map features. Thus, these maps can resolve the visual discontinuity problem based on the proposed model without weakening the interactivity of vector maps. The proposed model is validated by two map data sets, and the results demonstrate that the rendered (symbolized) web maps present smooth visual continuity.

[1]  Christian Früh,et al.  Google Street View: Capturing the World at Street Level , 2010, Computer.

[2]  Menno-Jan Kraak,et al.  The role of the map in a Web-GIS environment , 2004, J. Geogr. Syst..

[3]  Sasivimon Sukaphat Creating of Mobile Search System for Traffic Inquiry , 2009, 2009 10th ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligences, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing.

[4]  Tinghua Ai,et al.  Fourier-based multi-scale representation and progressive transmission of cartographic curves on the internet , 2016 .

[5]  P. Keeratiwintakorn,et al.  Real-time tracking management system using GPS, GPRS and Google earth , 2008, 2008 5th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology.

[6]  Hae-Young Bae,et al.  Efficient spatial data transmission in Web-based GIS , 1999, WIDM '99.

[7]  Ki-Ryong Kwon,et al.  Progressive vector compression for high-accuracy vector map data , 2014, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[8]  Jinqu Zhang,et al.  A method based on graphic entity for visualizing complex map symbols on the web , 2015 .

[9]  Bisheng Yang,et al.  A multi-resolution model of vector map data for rapid transmission over the Internet , 2005, Comput. Geosci..

[10]  Li Qingquan,et al.  Efficient compression of vector data map based on a clustering model , 2009 .

[11]  Bing Pan,et al.  Developing Web-Based Tourist Information Tools Using Google Map , 2007, ENTER.

[12]  G. Eysenbach,et al.  Social Media: A Review and Tutorial of Applications in Medicine and Health Care , 2014, Journal of medical Internet research.

[13]  Michela Bertolotto,et al.  Progressive Transmission of Vector Map Data over the World Wide Web , 2001, GeoInformatica.

[14]  William Ribarsky,et al.  Rendering Vector Data over Global, Multiresolution 3D Terrain , 2003, VisSym.

[15]  Ai Ting-hua A Displacement of Building Cluster Based on Field Analysis , 2004 .

[16]  Ge Chen,et al.  WebVRGIS: WebGIS Based Interactive Online 3D Virtual Community , 2013, 2013 International Conference on Virtual Reality and Visualization.

[17]  Todd C. Patterson Google Earth as a (Not Just) Geography Education Tool , 2007 .

[18]  Qi Li,et al.  Performance‐improving techniques in web‐based GIS , 2005, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[19]  Alexander Salveson Nossum IndoorTubes A Novel Design for Indoor Maps , 2011 .

[20]  Michela Bertolotto,et al.  Understanding geospatial interests by visualizing map interaction behavior , 2008, Inf. Vis..

[21]  Zhihan Lv,et al.  An event-driven dynamic updating method for 3D geo-databases , 2016, Geo spatial Inf. Sci..

[22]  Jianya Gong,et al.  A virtual globe-based vector data model: quaternary quadrangle vector tile model , 2016, Int. J. Digit. Earth.

[23]  Joshua Stevens,et al.  Symbol Store: sharing map symbols for emergency management , 2013 .

[24]  Shengru Tu,et al.  A systematic approach to reduction of user-perceived response time for GIS web services , 2001, GIS '01.

[25]  E. Lynn Usery,et al.  A Spatial Data Model Design for Feature-Based Geographical Information Systems , 1996, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[26]  Yoo-Sung Kim,et al.  Probability-Based Tile Pre-fetching and Cache Replacement Algorithms for Web Geographical Information Systems , 2001, ADBIS.

[27]  Chunhui Zhou,et al.  POI Inquiries and Data Update Based on LBS , 2009, 2009 International Symposium on Information Engineering and Electronic Commerce.

[28]  Zhou Xu,et al.  Analysis on OpenGIS Web Map Tile Service Implementation Standard , 2011 .

[29]  Gennady L. Andrienko,et al.  Interactive maps for visual data exploration , 1999, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[30]  Kristin A. Cook,et al.  Illuminating the Path: The Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics , 2005 .

[31]  Yu Zhonghai,et al.  Cartographic Model for Topographic Maps Based on Algebraic Structure , 2011 .

[32]  Liping Di,et al.  Sharing geoscience algorithms in a Web service-oriented environment (GRASS GIS example) , 2010, Comput. Geosci..

[33]  Elena Verdú,et al.  An OLS regression model for context-aware tile prefetching in a web map cache , 2013, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[34]  Cláudio de Souza Baptista,et al.  A multiresolution approach for Internet GIS applications , 2004, Proceedings. 15th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, 2004..

[35]  Brian A. Barsky,et al.  A New Concept and Method for Line Clipping , 1984, TOGS.

[36]  Michael F. Goodchild,et al.  Towards a general theory of geographic representation in GIS , 2007, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[37]  Yan Huang,et al.  Vector map compression: a clustering approach , 2002, GIS '02.

[38]  Bin Zhou,et al.  Performance improvement techniques for geospatial web services in a cyberinfrastructure environment - A case study with a disaster management portal , 2015, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[39]  Andrew Hudson-Smith,et al.  Map mashups, Web 2.0 and the GIS revolution , 2010, Ann. GIS.

[40]  Melanie Grunwald Getting To Know Arcgis Desktop , 2016 .

[41]  GongJianya,et al.  Implementation of OGC Web Map Service Based on Web Service , 2004 .

[42]  Volker Coors,et al.  Integrating levels of detail in a Web-based 3D-GIS , 1998, GIS '98.

[43]  Jinxing Hu,et al.  Managing Big City Information Based on WebVRGIS , 2016, IEEE Access.

[44]  Zhihan Lv,et al.  Open3D: crowd-sourced distributed curation of city models , 2016, Web3D.

[45]  Georg Gartner,et al.  An SVG-based method to support spatial analysis in XML/GML/SVG-based WebGIS , 2011, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[46]  Yuxia Huang,et al.  A Fast Algorithm for Constructing Multi-resolution Representations of Linear Features to Support the Progressive Transmission of Vector Map Data , 2006 .

[47]  Min Chen,et al.  A function-based linear map symbol building and rendering method using shader language , 2016, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[48]  Alenka Poplin,et al.  How user-friendly are online interactive maps? Survey based on experiments with heterogeneous users , 2015 .