Building a new generation of handwriting recognition systems

Abstract This paper gives an assessment of the current state of the art in handwriting recognition. It summarizes the lessons learned, the difficulties involved, and the challenges ahead. Based on a review of the recent achievements in off-line computer recognition of totally unconstrained handwritten characters, and extensive research, the authors attempt to identify new frontiers for research which may lead to further breakthroughs in this field. They will present some evidences and novel ideas on ways of stretching the limits of handwriting recognition systems aiming at outperforming human beings.

[1]  Sadakazu Watanabe,et al.  Microprogram controlled pattern processing in a handwritten mail reader-sorter , 1970, Pattern Recognit..

[2]  Sargur N. Srihari,et al.  A blackboard-based approach to handwritten ZIP code recognition , 1988, [1988 Proceedings] 9th International Conference on Pattern Recognition.

[3]  Peter Grogono,et al.  Specifying an expert system , 1991 .

[4]  Ch Chen,et al.  Pattern recognition and artificial intelligence , 1976 .

[5]  G. Winkler,et al.  A combination of statistical and syntactical pattern recognition applied to classification of unconstrained handwritten numerals , 1980, Pattern Recognit..

[6]  Sargur N. Srihari,et al.  A Multi-Level Perception Approach to Reading Cursive Script , 1987, IJCAI.

[7]  K. M. Kulkarni,et al.  A high accuracy algorithm for recognition of handwritten numerals , 1988, Pattern Recognit..

[8]  Ching Y. Suen,et al.  A comparison of methods of extracting curvature features , 1992, Proceedings., 11th IAPR International Conference on Pattern Recognition. Vol. III. Conference C: Image, Speech and Signal Analysis,.

[9]  Ching Y. Suen,et al.  A generalized knowledge-based system for the recognition of unconstrained handwritten numerals , 1990, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern..

[10]  Lawrence D. Jackel,et al.  Constrained neural network for unconstrained handwritten digit recognition , 1990 .

[11]  Ching Y. Suen,et al.  Computer Recognition of Totally unconstrained Handwritten ZIP Codes , 1987, Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell..

[12]  Ching Y. Suen,et al.  Thinning Methodologies - A Comprehensive Survey , 1992, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[13]  Luigi Stringa,et al.  A New Set of Constraint-Free Character Recognition Grammars , 1990, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[14]  Jun S. Huang,et al.  Heuristic approach to handwritten numeral recognition , 1986, Pattern Recognit..

[15]  Theo Pavlidis,et al.  A vectorizer and feature extractor for document recognition , 1986 .

[16]  Ching Y. Suen,et al.  Computer recognition of unconstrained handwritten numerals , 1992, Proc. IEEE.

[17]  R. M. Brown,et al.  Handprinted symbol recognition system , 1988, Pattern Recognit..

[18]  Ching Y. Suen,et al.  Complementary algorithms for the recognition of totally unconstrained handwritten numerals , 1990, [1990] Proceedings. 10th International Conference on Pattern Recognition.

[19]  Theodosios Pavlidis,et al.  Syntactic Recognition of Handwritten Numerals , 1977, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[20]  Yann LeCun,et al.  Writer independent and writer adaptive neural network for on-line character recognition , 1992 .

[21]  Malayappan Shridhar,et al.  Recognition of isolated and simply connected handwritten numerals , 1986, Pattern Recognition.

[22]  L. D. Earnest,et al.  Machine Recognition of Cursive Writing , 1962, IFIP Congress.

[23]  Kenneth C Hayes,et al.  Reading handwritten words using hierarchical relaxation , 1980 .

[24]  Ching Y. Suen,et al.  Automated entry system for handwritten documents , 1991, RIAO.

[25]  Jacques Duvernoy,et al.  Stability and stationarity of cursive handwriting , 1979, Pattern Recognit..

[26]  Kenneth M. Sayre,et al.  Machine recognition of handwritten words: A project report , 1973, Pattern Recognit..

[27]  Luigi Stringa Efficient classification of totally unconstrained handwritten numerals with a trainable multilayer network , 1989, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[28]  Sargur N. Srihari,et al.  Classification of newspaper image blocks using texture analysis , 1989, Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process..

[29]  Sargur N. Srihari,et al.  Understanding Handwritten Text in a Structured Environment: Determining ZIP Codes from Addresses , 1991, Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell..

[30]  Ching Y. Suen,et al.  Distinctive features in automatic recognition of handprinted characters , 1982 .

[31]  Fumitaka Kimura,et al.  Handwritten numerical recognition based on multiple algorithms , 1991, Pattern Recognit..

[32]  Ching Y. Suen,et al.  The State of the Art in Online Handwriting Recognition , 1990, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[33]  Ching Y. Suen,et al.  Structural classification and relaxation matching of totally unconstrained handwritten zip-code numbers , 1988, Pattern Recognit..

[34]  M. Berthod,et al.  Automatic recognition of handprinted characters—The state of the art , 1980, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[35]  Gabriel F. Groner Real-time recognition of handprinted text , 1966, AFIPS '66 (Fall).