On the aerodynamic performance of automotive vehicle platoons featuring pre and post-critical leading forms

A considerable body of work exists concerning the aerodynamic optimisation of the vehicle form in isolation. Some valid generalised conclusions have been reached concerning optimal and sub-optimal key vehicle geometries and their relevant flow mechanics;

[1]  Stefan Becker,et al.  Flow and Turbulence Structure in the Wake of a Simplified Car Model , 2003 .

[2]  Sinisa Krajnovic,et al.  Flow Around a Simplified Car, Part 2: Understanding the Flow , 2005 .

[3]  Michael Schrefl,et al.  On Various Aspects of the Unsteady Aerodynamic Effects on Cars Under Crosswind Conditions , 2007 .

[4]  Gerhard Wickern,et al.  Reference Static and Dynamic Pressures in Automotive Wind Tunnels , 2003 .

[5]  B. R. Merrill Vortex Shedding by Blunt/Bluff Bodies at High Reynolds Numbers. Volume 3. Cubes , 1993 .

[6]  A. Musgrove,et al.  Reynolds stress, mean velocity, and dynamic static pressure measurement by a four-hole pressure probe , 1997 .

[7]  A. Perry,et al.  Some aspects of three-dimensional separation. I - Streamsurface bifurcations , 1984 .

[8]  M. F. Unal,et al.  Flow around a circular cylinder downstream of a blunt-based flat plate in tandem and staggered arrangements , 2003 .

[9]  Bogdan Marcu,et al.  The Aerodynamic Forces On Misaligned Platoons , 1998 .

[10]  Robert Dominy,et al.  A Comparison Between On-Road and Wind Tunnel Surface Pressure Measurements on a Mid-Sized Hatchback , 2007 .

[11]  H. Irwin,et al.  Correction of distortion effects caused by tubing systems in measurements of fluctuating pressures , 1979 .

[12]  D. Nikitopoulos,et al.  Wind tunnel tests for mean drag and lift coefficients on multiple circular cylinders arranged in-line , 2008 .

[13]  Takahide Nouzawa,et al.  Unsteady-Wake Analysis of the Aerodynamic Drag of a Notchback Model with Critical Afterbody Geometry , 1992 .

[14]  Hiroshi Sakamoto,et al.  Aerodynamic forces acting on two square prisms placed vertically in a turbulent boundary layer , 1988 .

[15]  E. L. Houghton,et al.  Aerodynamics for Engineering Students , 1970 .

[16]  Robert J. Martinuzzi,et al.  VORTEX SHEDDING FROM TWO SURFACE-MOUNTED CUBES IN TANDEM , 2004, Proceeding of Third Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena.

[17]  M. S. Chong,et al.  A Description of Eddying Motions and Flow Patterns Using Critical-Point Concepts , 1987 .

[18]  D. J. Maull Mechanisms of Two and Three-Dimensional Base Drag , 1978 .

[19]  Simon Watkins,et al.  The Development and Use of Dynamic Pressure Probes With Extended Cones of Acceptance (ECA) , 2004 .

[20]  J Milbank,et al.  Investigation of fluid-dynamic cavity oscillations and the effects of flow angle in an automotive context using an open-jet wind tunnel , 2004 .

[21]  A. Cogotti,et al.  Aeroacoustic Measurements in Turbulent Flow on the Road and in the Wind Tunnel , 2007 .

[22]  W. H. Hucho,et al.  The Wind Tunnel's Ground Plane Boundary Layer - Its Interference with the Flow Underneath Cars , 1975 .

[23]  Bogdan Marcu,et al.  Drag Forces Experienced by Two, Full-Scale Vehicles at Close Spacing , 1998 .

[24]  Michael V. Ol,et al.  An Experimental Investigation of Leading Edge Vortices and Passage to Stall of Nonslender Delta Wings , 2003 .

[25]  Omer Savas,et al.  Transient aerodynamics of vehicle platoons during in-line oscillations , 2001 .

[26]  Jeffrey W. Saunders,et al.  Vortex optimisation of slotted tops and cavities of two different open rail wagons , 1993 .

[27]  Jeremy D. Wimer A Digital Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of Delta Wing Vortex Flow and Vortex Breakdown , 2003 .

[28]  G. F. Romberg,et al.  Aerodynamics of Race Cars in Drafting and Passing Situations , 1971 .

[29]  R. J. A. Howard,et al.  Structured and Non-Structured Large Eddy Simulations of the Ahmed Reference Model , 2002 .

[30]  Michael Zabat,et al.  Drag Measurements on 2, 3 and 4 Car Platoons , 1994 .

[31]  Masaru Matsumoto,et al.  Aerodynamic response characteristics of rectangular cylinders in tandem arrangement , 1992 .

[32]  Anthony E. Washburn,et al.  Effects of external influences in subsonic delta wing vortices , 1992 .

[33]  Subrata Roy,et al.  Detached-Eddy Simulation over a Reference Ahmed Car Model , 2003 .

[34]  A. Roshko On the development of turbulent wakes from vortex streets , 1953 .

[35]  W. H. Hucho,et al.  The Aerodynamic Drag of Cars Current Understanding, Unresolved Problems, and Future Prospects , 1978 .

[36]  Jeffrey W. Saunders,et al.  A Review of the Wind Conditions Experienced by a Moving Vehicle , 1998 .

[37]  Simon Watkins Windtunnel modelling of vehicle aerodynamics : with emphasis on turbulent wind effects on commercial vehicle drag , 1990 .

[38]  Geoffrey M. Le Good,et al.  On the Use of Reference Models in Automotive Aerodynamics , 2004 .

[39]  Y. Nakamura,et al.  Bluff-body aerodynamics and turbulence , 1993 .

[40]  Jaeho Hwang,et al.  A Study on Vortex Shedding Around a Bluff Body Near the Ground , 2003 .

[41]  Yu Zhou,et al.  Phase lag between vortex shedding from two tandem bluff bodies , 2007 .

[42]  Stephen A. Whitmore,et al.  Frequency Response Model for Branched Pneumatic Sensing Systems , 2006 .

[43]  David Sims-Williams,et al.  The Ahmed Model Unsteady Wake: Experimental and Computational Analyses , 2003 .

[44]  Steven W. Smith,et al.  The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing , 1997 .

[45]  A. Roshko,et al.  An experimental study of geometrical effects on the drag and flow field of two bluff bodies separated by a gap , 1985, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[46]  Jochen Wiedemann,et al.  The New 5-Belt Road Simulation System of the IVK Wind Tunnels - Design and First Results , 2003 .

[47]  A. Cogotti,et al.  Comparison Tests Between Major European Automotive Wind Tunnels , 1980 .

[48]  Omer Savas,et al.  A Wind Tunnel Investigation of the Transient Aerodynamic Effects on a Four-Car Platoon during Passing Maneuvers , 2000 .

[49]  D. Newland An introduction to random vibrations and spectral analysis , 1975 .

[50]  Roberto Horowitz,et al.  AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS: THE SMART WAY TO GO , 1997 .

[51]  W. H. Melbourne,et al.  Interference between two circular cylinders in tandem in turbulent flow , 1992 .

[52]  Robert Dominy,et al.  An Investigation into Large Scale Unsteady Structures in the Wake of Real and Idealized Hatchback Car Models , 2001 .

[53]  Robert Dominy,et al.  The Reconstruction of Periodic Pressure Fields from Point Measurements , 1999 .

[54]  Fred Browand,et al.  Field Experiments Demonstrate Fuel Savings for Close-Following , 2000 .

[55]  Dietmar Oettl,et al.  A new hypothesis on meandering atmospheric flows in low wind speed conditions , 2005 .

[56]  Hiromichi Shirato,et al.  On aerodynamic instabilities of tandem structures , 1986 .

[57]  Steven E Shladover,et al.  Longitudinal Control of Automated Guideway Transit Vehicles Within Platoons , 1978 .

[58]  Wolf-Heinrich Hucho,et al.  Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles: From Fluid Mechanics to Vehicle Engineering , 2013 .

[59]  Kevin Knowles,et al.  The vortex structure behind an Ahmed reference model in the presence of a moving ground plane , 2007 .

[60]  N Jenkins Luther,et al.  An Experimental Investigation of the Flow Over the Rear End of a Notchback Automobile Configuration , 2000 .

[61]  P. W. Bearman,et al.  A study of three-dimensional aspects of vortex shedding from a bluff body with a mild geometric disturbance , 1997, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[62]  Osvaldo L. L. Moraes,et al.  Comparing spectra and cospectra of turbulence over different surface boundary conditions , 2008 .

[63]  Yasuharu Nakamura,et al.  The effects of turbulence on bluff-body mean flow , 1988 .

[64]  Thomas Morel,et al.  Aerodynamic Drag of Bluff Body Shapes Characteristic of Hatch-Back Cars , 1978 .

[65]  Gioacchino Vino,et al.  Flow structures in the near-wake of the Ahmed model , 2005 .

[66]  Smith,et al.  Mathematics of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) with Audio Applications , 2007 .

[67]  Patrizio Nuccio,et al.  Automobile Aerodynamic Drag on the Road Compared With Wind Tunnel Tests , 1981 .

[68]  M. M. Zdravkovich,et al.  The effects of interference between circular cylinders in cross flow , 1987 .

[69]  Robert Dominy,et al.  Experimental investigation into unsteadiness and instability in passenger car aerodynamics , 1998 .

[70]  Simon Watkins,et al.  The Passenger Vehicle Wake Under the Influence of Upstream Turbulence , 2003 .

[71]  Con J. Doolan,et al.  The interaction of a bluff body with a vortex wake , 2009 .

[72]  A. S. Iberall,et al.  Attenuation of Oscillatory Pressures in Instrument Lines , 1950, Journal of Fluids Engineering.

[73]  Stefan Becker,et al.  Flow and Turbulence Structures in the Wake of a Simplified Car Model (Ahmed Modell) , 2002 .

[74]  William F. Johnson A Comprehensive Study of Vortex Breakdown Flow Mechanisms: Computational Investigation and Preliminary Control , 2004 .

[75]  Yunlong Liu Numerical modeling of airflow over the Ahmed body , 2003 .

[76]  Robert Ranzenbach,et al.  Experimental Study of CD Variation With Aspect Ratio , 1999 .

[77]  Kevin R. Cooper,et al.  The unsteady wind environment of road vehicles, part two: effects on vehicle development and simulation of turbulence , 2007 .

[78]  W. H. Melbourne,et al.  Turbulence and the leading edge phenomenon , 1993 .

[79]  Sinisa Krajnovic,et al.  Large-Eddy Simulation of the Flow Around Simplified Car Model , 2004 .

[80]  H. Yang,et al.  UNSTEADY PRESSURE MEASUREMENT WITH CORRECTION ON TUBING DISTORTION , 2006 .

[81]  C. Noger,et al.  Investigation of the transient aerodynamic phenomena associated with passing manoeuvres , 2005 .

[82]  Shigeru Haruna,et al.  Analysis of wake pattern for reducing aerodynamic drag of notchback model , 1990 .

[83]  T. Morel,et al.  The Effect of Base Slant on the Flow Pattern and Drag of Three-Dimensional Bodies with Blunt Ends , 1978 .

[84]  G. Redeker,et al.  A new vortex flow experiment for computer code validation , 2001 .

[85]  Bryan Willson,et al.  Application of an Improved Model for the Determination of Acoustic Resonances in Indicator Passages for Combustion Pressure Measurements , 2006 .

[86]  P. Ioannou,et al.  A Handbook for Inter-Vehicle Spacing in Vehicle Following , 1995 .

[87]  Michael Zabat,et al.  Drag Measurements On A Platoon Of Vehicles , 1994 .

[88]  S. Watkins,et al.  Dynamic measurement of differential buffet pressure , 2004 .

[89]  Kevin Knowles,et al.  A CFD and Experimental Study of an Ahmed Reference Model , 2004 .