Effects of Wind on Plants

This review surveys the large variety of mechanical interactions between wind and plants, from plant organs to plant systems. These interactions range from leaf flutter to uprooting and seed dispersal, as well as indirect effects on photosynthesis or insect communication. I first estimate the relevant nondimensional parameters and then discuss turbulence, plant dynamics, and the mechanisms of interaction in this context. Some common features are identified and analyzed in relation to the wind engineering of manmade structures. Strong coupling between plants and wind exists, in which the plant motion modifies the wind dynamics. I also present some related biological issues in which the relation between plant life and wind environment is emphasized.

[1]  T. McMahon,et al.  Tree structures: deducing the principle of mechanical design. , 1976, Journal of theoretical biology.

[2]  J. Grace.  The turbulent boundary layer over a flapping Populus leaf , 1978 .

[3]  A. Thom,et al.  Turbulence in and above Plant Canopies , 1981 .

[4]  Robert H. Scanlan,et al.  A Modern Course in Aeroelasticity , 1981, Solid Mechanics and Its Applications.

[5]  Chih-Ming Ho,et al.  Perturbed Free Shear Layers , 1984 .

[6]  John D. Wilson,et al.  A second-order closure model for flow through vegetation , 1988 .

[7]  B. Villard,et al.  Overview of Numerical Methods for Predicting Flow-Induced Vibration , 1988 .

[8]  S. Vogel.  Drag and Reconfiguration of Broad Leaves in High Winds , 1989 .

[9]  P. R. van Gardingen,et al.  Plants and Wind , 1991 .

[10]  R. H. Grant,et al.  The translation of turbulent wind energy to individual corn plant motion during senescense , 1991 .

[11]  K. Niklas.  The elastic moduli and mechanics of Populus tremuloides (Salicaceae) petioles in bending and torsion , 1991 .

[12]  Steven Vogel,et al.  Twist-to-Bend Ratios and Cross-Sectional Shapes of Petioles and Stems , 1992 .

[13]  Ulrich Schumann,et al.  Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow above and within a forest , 1992 .

[14]  Karl J. Niklas,et al.  Plant Biomechanics: An Engineering Approach to Plant Form and Function , 1993 .

[15]  M. Géradin,et al.  Mechanical Vibrations: Theory and Application to Structural Dynamics , 1994 .

[16]  C. Wood,et al.  Wind and Trees: Understanding wind forces on trees , 1995 .

[17]  Christopher Baker,et al.  The development of a theoretical model for the windthrow of plants , 1995 .

[18]  F. Telewski,et al.  Wind and Trees: Wind-induced physiological and developmental responses in trees , 1995 .

[19]  J. Grace,et al.  Wind and Trees: Tree physiological responses , 1995 .

[20]  B. Gardiner,et al.  Wind and Trees: The interactions of wind and tree movement in forest canopies , 1995 .

[21]  J. Finnigan,et al.  Coherent eddies and turbulence in vegetation canopies: The mixing-layer analogy , 1996 .

[22]  Emil Simiu,et al.  Wind effects on structures : fundamentals and applications to design , 1996 .

[23]  L. Hipps,et al.  The effect of turbulence on the light environment of alfalfa , 1996 .

[24]  A. R. Ennos,et al.  Wind as an ecological factor. , 1997, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[25]  Claus Mattheck,et al.  Design in Nature: Learning from Trees , 1998 .

[26]  Barry Gardiner,et al.  A prism-based system for monitoring the swaying of trees under wind loading , 1998 .

[27]  M. Païdoussis.  Fluid-structure interactions , 1998 .

[28]  Barry Gardiner,et al.  A mathematical model to describe the dynamic response of a spruce tree to the wind , 1998, Trees.

[29]  K. Niklas.  The influence of gravity and wind on land plant evolution. , 1998, Review of palaeobotany and palynology.

[30]  England,et al.  A dynamic model of the behaviour of sitka spruce in high winds , 1999, Journal of theoretical biology.

[31]  Effect of aeroelasticity on the aerodynamics of wheat , 1999 .

[32]  C. Baker,et al.  A dynamic analysis of windthrow of trees , 2000 .

[33]  B. Gardiner,et al.  Management of forests to reduce the risk of abiotic damage — a review with particular reference to the effects of strong winds , 2000 .

[34]  M. Irvine,et al.  The Control Of Coherent Eddies In Vegetation Canopies: Streamwise Structure Spacing, Canopy Shear Scale And Atmospheric Stability , 2000 .

[35]  B. Moulia,et al.  Biomechanical study of the effect of a controlled bending on tomato stem elongation: local strain sensing and spatial integration of the signal. , 2000, Journal of experimental botany.

[36]  J. Finnigan.  Turbulence in plant canopies , 2000 .

[37]  Hanns-Christof Spatz,et al.  Basic biomechanics of self-supporting plants: wind loads and gravitational loads on a Norway spruce tree , 2000 .

[38]  T. Farquhar,et al.  The Kinematics of Wheat Struck by a Wind Gust , 2000 .

[39]  S A Etnier,et al.  Reorientation of daffodil(Narcissus: Amaryllidaceae) flowers inwind: drag reduction andtorsional flexibility. , 2000, American journal of botany.

[40]  Hervé Sinoquet,et al.  RATP: a model for simulating the spatial distribution of radiation absorption, transpiration and photosynthesis within canopies: application to an isolated tree crown , 2001 .

[41]  Syunsuke Ikeda,et al.  Numerical study on turbulent flow and honami in and above flexible plant canopy , 2001 .

[42]  Uldis Silins,et al.  Measure of simultaneous tree sways and estimation of crown interactions among a group of trees , 2001, Trees.

[43]  C. J. Stigter,et al.  Agroforestry solutions to some African wind problems , 2002 .

[44]  J. Roden.  Modeling the light interception and carbon gain of individual fluttering aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx) leaves , 2003, Trees.

[45]  Andrew P. Morse,et al.  Mechanisms Controlling Turbulence Development Across A Forest Edge , 2002 .

[46]  S. Levin,et al.  Mechanisms of long-distance dispersal of seeds by wind , 2002, Nature.

[47]  Marc R. Hoffmann.  APPLICATION OF A SIMPLE SPACE-TIME AVERAGED POROUS MEDIA MODEL FOR FLOW IN DENSELY VEGETATED CHANNELS , 2002 .

[48]  H. Nepf,et al.  Mixing layers and coherent structures in vegetated aquatic flows , 2002 .

[49]  Subrata Kumar Chakrabarti,et al.  The Theory and Practice of Hydrodynamics and Vibration , 2002 .

[50]  Douglas A. Maguire,et al.  Natural sway frequencies and damping ratios of trees: concepts, review and synthesis of previous studies , 2004, Trees.

[51]  Oscillations of plants' stems and their damping: theory and experimentation. , 2003, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[52]  Lieven Nachtergale,et al.  A model of wind-influenced leaf litterfall in a mixed hardwood forest , 2003 .

[53]  Shaun Quegan,et al.  High-resolution measurements of scattering in wheat canopies-implications for crop parameter retrieval , 2003, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[54]  M. Fournier,et al.  Biomechanics of buttressed trees: bending strains and stresses. , 2003, American journal of botany.

[55]  Mark Sterling,et al.  A calibrated model of wheat lodging compared with field measurements , 2003 .

[56]  A. R. Ennos,et al.  The effects of air flow and stem flexure on the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the stems of sunflowers Helianthus annuus L. , 2003, Journal of experimental botany.

[57]  Olga Speck,et al.  Field measurements of wind speed and reconfiguration in Arundo donax (Poaceae) with estimates of drag forces. , 2003, American journal of botany.

[58]  A. R. Ennos,et al.  Understanding and Reducing Lodging in Cereals , 2004 .

[59]  B. Moulia,et al.  Effect of plant interaction on wind-induced crop motion. , 2004, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[60]  Thomas Speck,et al.  Reconfiguration as a Prerequisite for Survival in Highly Unstable Flow-Dominated Habitats , 2004, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation.

[61]  Jun Zhang,et al.  How flexibility induces streamlining in a two-dimensional flow , 2004 .

[62]  Alexia Stokes,et al.  Influence of wind loading on root system development and architecture in oak (Quercus robur L.) seedlings. , 2005, Trees.

[63]  M. Jaffe.  Thigmomorphogenesis: The response of plant growth and development to mechanical stimulation , 1973, Planta.

[64]  Olga Speck,et al.  Damped oscillations of the giant reed Arundo donax (Poaceae). , 2004, American journal of botany.

[65]  H. Cleugh,et al.  Direct mechanical effects of wind on crops , 1998, Agroforestry Systems.

[66]  M. Watt,et al.  The influence of wind on branch characteristics of Pinus radiata , 2004, Trees.

[67]  Christophe Sanz,et al.  ONE- and TWO-Equation Models for Canopy Turbulence , 2004 .

[68]  B. Gardiner,et al.  Modelling the windthrow risk for simulated forest stands of Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) , 2005 .

[69]  Bruno Moulia,et al.  Measurement of wind-induced motion of crop canopies from digital video images , 2005 .

[70]  Yves Brunet,et al.  A Fine-Scale k−ε Model for Atmospheric Flow over Heterogeneous Landscapes , 2005 .

[71]  Ran Nathan,et al.  Foliage shedding in deciduous forests lifts up long-distance seed dispersal by wind. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[72]  R. Cocroft,et al.  The Behavioral Ecology of Insect Vibrational Communication , 2005 .

[73]  Kenneth E. Byrne,et al.  Wind tunnel measurements of crown streamlining and drag relationships for several hardwood species , 2005 .

[74]  H. Mayer,et al.  Wind-induced tree sways , 1987, Trees.

[75]  Julien Diener,et al.  Hierarchical retargetting of 2D motion fields to the animation of 3D plant models , 2006, SCA '06.

[76]  C. Meneveau,et al.  A comparison of PIV measurements of canopy turbulence performed in the field and in a wind tunnel model , 2006 .

[77]  S. Dupont,et al.  Simulation of Turbulent Flow in An Urban Forested Park Damaged by a Windstorm , 2006 .

[78]  Franka Brüchert,et al.  How do trees escape dangerously large oscillations , 2006 .

[79]  Bruno Moulia,et al.  A frequency lock-in mechanism in the interaction between wind and crop canopies , 2006, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[80]  T. Fourcaud,et al.  A finite element model for investigating effects of aerial architecture on tree oscillations. , 2006, Tree physiology.

[81]  Arezki Boudaoud,et al.  The rolling up of sheets in a steady flow , 2006, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[82]  J. Morison,et al.  Boundary layer conductance for contrasting leaf shapes in a deciduous broadleaved forest canopy , 2006 .

[83]  A R Ennos,et al.  Structural development and stability of rice Oryza sativa L. var. Nerica 1. , 2006, Journal of experimental botany.

[84]  Andrew P. Morse,et al.  Large-eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow Across a Forest Edge. Part I: Flow Statistics , 2006 .

[85]  Anna Kuparinen,et al.  Mechanistic models for wind dispersal. , 2006, Trends in plant science.

[86]  Katriona Shea,et al.  Measuring plant dispersal: an introduction to field methods and experimental design , 2006, Plant Ecology.

[87]  Z. Yingxin,et al.  Improved k–ε two-equation turbulence model for canopy flow , 2006 .

[88]  Frank W Telewski,et al.  A unified hypothesis of mechanoperception in plants. , 2006, American journal of botany.

[89]  Sacha J. Mooney,et al.  Development of a Model of Lodging for Barley , 2006 .

[90]  E. de Langre,et al.  Frequency lock-in is caused by coupled-mode flutter , 2006 .

[91]  N. Haritos,et al.  Mechanical stability of trees under dynamic loads. , 2006, American journal of botany.

[92]  Bruno Moulia,et al.  Posture control and skeletal mechanical acclimation in terrestrial plants: implications for mechanical modeling of plant architecture. , 2006, American-Eurasian journal of botany.

[93]  Bruno Moulia,et al.  A numerical analysis of the effects of tree architecture on its dynamics , 2007 .