The Role of Social Approach and Avoidance Motives for Subjective Well‐Being and the Successful Transition to Adulthood

Social affiliation appears to be a central human need. Taking a developmental perspective, we discuss whether and how the desire to belong (approach motivation) and the fear of being rejected (avoidance motivation) might be of central importance for understanding success or failure in transitional phases, especially in the transition from adolescence into adulthood. Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral consequences of social motives (approach, avoidance, and their co-occurrence) are reviewed. We argue that both tendencies need to be taken into account for understanding affiliation motivation and behavior and its significance for life satisfaction and well-being. A predominant social approach motivation has positive consequences for cognition, behavior, emotion, and well-being, whereas the opposite pattern holds for a predominant avoidance motivation. Co-occurrence of both is characterised by ambivalent cognitions and emotions, and unstable behavior. Taking a developmental perspective, however, and considering social development in the transition to adulthood, co-occurrence might be more beneficial than a predominant avoidance motivation. Il est clair que l’affiliation est un besoin humain fondamental. On se demande, dans une perspective developpementale, si et comment le desir d’etre accueilli (motivation a l’approche) et la crainte d’etre rejete (motivation a l’evitement) pourraient etre d’une importance majeure dans l’explication du succes ou de l’echec des periodes de transition, en particulier lors du passage de l’adolescence a l’âge adulte. On passe en revue les prolongements cognitifs, emotionnels et comportementaux des motivations sociales (approche, evitement et leurs corollaires). On soutient que les deux tendances doivent etre prises en compte pour comprendre la motivation a l’affiliation et les comportements qui s’ensuivent, ainsi que leur portee pour le bien-etre et le bonheur de vivre. Etre prioritairement motive par les contacts sociaux a des retombees positives sur la cognition, le comportement, les emotions et le bien-etre, tandis que le schema inverse renvoie a une motivation dominante pour l’evitement. La co-occurrence de ces deux motivations provoque des cognitions et des emotions ambivalentes et un comportement instable. Toutefois, d’un point de vue developpemental, et pour ce qui est de la maturation sociale lors du passage vers l’âge adulte, la co-occurrence pourrait se reveler plus benefique que la seule motivation a l’evitement.

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