Dual Coding Theory
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The two mentioned kinds of processing systems, verbal and non-verbal are functionally and structurally independent. This means that each of them can work independently of the other one and that they work on different kinds of representational units. Representational units are “relatively stable long-term information corresponding to perceptually identifiable objects and activities, both verbal and nonverbal.”. They are divided into:
[1] A. Paivio. Abstractness, imagery, and meaningfulness in paired-associate learning , 1965 .
[2] A. Paivio. Imagery and verbal processes , 1972 .