Endocrine regulation of longitudinal bone growth

Longitudinal bone growth is the result of a strictly regulated endochondral ossification process in the long bones. During this process, a cartilaginous structure is produced by proliferating chondrocytes in the epiphyseal growth plate, and this cartilaginous template then degenerates and is replaced by bone tissue in the direction of the metapbysis (Fig. 1). The greatest height velocity in humans occurs during the first year of life. Thereafter, height velocity gradually declines until puberty, when a growth spurt occurs. Human epiphyseal growth plates are closed after puberty, and this results in cessation of longitudinal bone growth. The regulation of longitudinal bone growth is complex, and several factors, including nutritional, endocrine, paracrine and autocrine ones, are necessary for optimal longitudinal bone growth.

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