Signal Propagation and Analysis in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

The most challenging issue in the design of wireless sensor networks for the application of localization in the underground environment, mostly for miner’s location, is the sensor nodes’ energy consumption, efficiency and communication. Underground Wireless Sensor Networks are active and promising area of application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), whereby sensor nodes perform sensing duties in the underground environment. Most of the communication techniques used in the underground environment experience a high path loss and hence, hinders the range needed for transmission. However, the available option to increase information transmission is to increase the transmission power which needs large size of apparatus which is also limited in the underground. To solve the mentioned problems, this paper proposed a Magnetic Induction based Pulse Power. Analytical results of the Magnetic Induction based Pulse Power with an ordinary magnetic induction communication technique show an improvement in Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and path loss with variation in distance between nodes and frequency of operation. This paper further formulates a nonlinear program to determine the optimal data (events) extraction in a grid based WUSNs.

[1]  Y. Inoue,et al.  A self-powered sensor module using vibration-based energy generation for ubiquitous systems , 2005, 2005 6th International Conference on ASIC.

[2]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Author's Personal Copy Physical Communication Channel Model and Analysis for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks in Soil Medium , 2022 .

[3]  M. C. Domingo,et al.  Magnetic Induction for Underwater Wireless Communication Networks , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[4]  John Singleton,et al.  The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory pulsed-field Facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory , 2004 .

[5]  Xin Dong,et al.  Spatio-temporal soil moisture measurement with wireless underground sensor networks , 2010, 2010 The 9th IFIP Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net).

[6]  Yacine Challal,et al.  Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks: A top-down survey , 2014, Comput. Networks.

[7]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless underground sensor networks: Research challenges , 2006, Ad Hoc Networks.

[8]  Chen-Nee Chuah,et al.  Energy-aware node placement in wireless sensor networks , 2004, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2004. GLOBECOM '04..

[9]  Jan M. Rabaey,et al.  A study of low level vibrations as a power source for wireless sensor nodes , 2003, Comput. Commun..

[10]  R. K. Mukherjee,et al.  Generation and measurement of pulsed high magnetic field , 2000 .

[11]  Kah Phooi Seng,et al.  Energy Efficiency Performance Improvements for Ant-Based Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2013, J. Sensors.

[12]  Kah Phooi Seng,et al.  Termite-hill: Performance optimized swarm intelligence based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks , 2012, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[13]  Ying Zhang,et al.  High-Level Sensor Network Simulations for Routing Performance Evaluations , 2006 .

[14]  Adamu Murtala Zungeru,et al.  Pulsed power system for wireless underground sensor networks , 2016, 2016 Third International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Computer Engineering and their Applications (EECEA).

[15]  M. Stordeur,et al.  Low power thermoelectric generator-self-sufficient energy supply for micro systems , 1997, XVI ICT '97. Proceedings ICT'97. 16th International Conference on Thermoelectrics (Cat. No.97TH8291).

[16]  Kah Phooi Seng,et al.  Termite-Hill: From Natural to Artificial Termites in Sensor Networks , 2012, Int. J. Swarm Intell. Res..

[17]  John J. Sojdehei,et al.  Magneto-inductive communications , 1999, Defense, Security, and Sensing.

[18]  Xiaoqing Yu,et al.  Survey on a Novel Wireless Sensor Network Communication at 433MHz Frequency , 2015 .

[19]  Tai Tsun Wu,et al.  Lateral electromagnetic waves , 1992 .

[20]  Mehmet Can Vuran,et al.  Communication with Aboveground Devices in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks: An Empirical Study , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[21]  Fawwaz T. Ulaby,et al.  Dielectric properties of soils in the 0.3-1.3-GHz range , 1995, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[22]  Kah Phooi Seng,et al.  Classical and swarm intelligence based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks: A survey and comparison , 2012, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[23]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Signal propagation techniques for wireless underground communication networks , 2009, Phys. Commun..

[24]  Antonio Robles-Gómez,et al.  SensGrid: modeling and simulation for wireless sensor grids , 2012, Simul..

[25]  A. H. Guenther,et al.  J. C. Martin on pulsed power , 1996 .

[26]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  Maximizing Data Extraction in Energy-Limited Sensor Networks , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[27]  Li Liyz,et al.  Characteristics of Underground Channel for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks , 2007 .

[28]  Zhi Sun,et al.  Magnetic Induction Communications for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[29]  R. Fox,et al.  Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd ed. , 1999 .

[30]  John J. Sojdehei,et al.  Magneto-inductive (MI) communications , 2001, MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295).