Jasmonates act with salicylic acid to confer basal thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.

* The cpr5-1 Arabidopsis thaliana mutant exhibits constitutive activation of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signalling pathways and displays enhanced tolerance of heat stress (HS). * cpr5-1 crossed with jar1-1 (a JA-amino acid synthetase) was compromised in basal thermotolerance, as were the mutants opr3 (mutated in OPDA reductase3) and coi1-1 (affected in an E3 ubiquitin ligase F-box; a key JA-signalling component). In addition, heating wild-type Arabidopsis led to the accumulation of a range of jasmonates: JA, 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) and a JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile) conjugate. Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate protected wild-type Arabidopsis from HS. * Ethylene was rapidly produced during HS, with levels being modulated by both JA and SA. By contrast, the ethylene mutant ein2-1 conferred greater thermotolerance. * These data suggest that JA acts with SA, conferring basal thermotolerance while ET may act to promote cell death.

[1]  G. Agrawal,et al.  Isolation of an ozone-sensitive and jasmonate-semi-insensitive Arabidopsis mutant (oji1). , 2003, Plant & cell physiology.

[2]  C. Patterson,et al.  AtCHIP, a U-Box-Containing E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, Plays a Critical Role in Temperature Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis1 , 2003, Plant Physiology.

[3]  F. Ausubel,et al.  Roles of Salicylic Acid, Jasmonic Acid, and Ethylene in cpr-Induced Resistance in Arabidopsis , 2000, Plant Cell.

[4]  J. Dat,et al.  Changes in salicylic acid and antioxidants during induced thermotolerance in mustard seedlings , 1998, Plant physiology.

[5]  J. Browse,et al.  Plant defense in the absence of jasmonic acid: The role of cyclopentenones , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[6]  S. Cristescu,et al.  Photoacoustic Spectroscopy in Trace Gas Monitoring , 2000, Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry.

[7]  J. Kangasjärvi,et al.  Ethylene Insensitivity Modulates Ozone-Induced Cell Death in Birch1 , 2003, Plant Physiology.

[8]  J. Mullet,et al.  Two Methyl Jasmonate-Insensitive Mutants Show Altered Expression of AtVsp in Response to Methyl Jasmonate and Wounding , 1996, Plant physiology.

[9]  P. Zimmermann,et al.  GENEVESTIGATOR. Arabidopsis Microarray Database and Analysis Toolbox1[w] , 2004, Plant Physiology.

[10]  B. Thomma,et al.  Separate jasmonate-dependent and salicylate-dependent defense-response pathways in Arabidopsis are essential for resistance to distinct microbial pathogens. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  J. Draper.  Plant Genetic Transformation and Gene Expression: A Laboratory Manual , 1988 .

[12]  P. Hasegawa,et al.  Plant Defense Genes Are Synergistically Induced by Ethylene and Methyl Jasmonate. , 1994, The Plant cell.

[13]  E. Weiler,et al.  Allene oxide synthase: a major control point in Arabidopsis thaliana octadecanoid signalling. , 1998, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[14]  Ken Shirasu,et al.  Role of ubiquitination in the regulation of plant defence against pathogens. , 2003, Current opinion in plant biology.

[15]  D F Klessig,et al.  The cpr5 mutant of Arabidopsis expresses both NPR1-dependent and NPR1-independent resistance. , 1997, The Plant cell.

[16]  J. Browse,et al.  A role for jasmonate in pathogen defense of Arabidopsis. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[17]  Texa Biophysics.  Jasmonate is essential for insect defense in Arabidopsis , 1997 .

[18]  M. Knight,et al.  Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis Involves Calcium, Abscisic Acid, Ethylene, and Salicylic Acid , 2002, Plant Physiology.

[19]  Hur-Song Chang,et al.  Expression profiling reveals COI1 to be a key regulator of genes involved in wound- and methyl jasmonate-induced secondary metabolism, defence, and hormone interactions , 2005, Plant Molecular Biology.

[20]  M. Aono,et al.  Transcriptome analysis of O3-exposed Arabidopsis reveals that multiple signal pathways act mutually antagonistically to induce gene expression , 2003, Plant Molecular Biology.

[21]  R. Solano,et al.  ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 Integrates Signals from Ethylene and Jasmonate Pathways in Plant Defense Online version contains Web-only data. Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.007468. , 2003, The Plant Cell Online.

[22]  I. Tiryaki,et al.  The Oxylipin Signal Jasmonic Acid Is Activated by an Enzyme That Conjugates It to Isoleucine in Arabidopsis , 2004, The Plant Cell Online.

[23]  E. Farmer,et al.  Jasmonates and related oxylipins in plant responses to pathogenesis and herbivory. , 2003, Current opinion in plant biology.

[24]  J. Ecker,et al.  EIN2, a bifunctional transducer of ethylene and stress responses in Arabidopsis. , 1999, Science.

[25]  D. Xie,et al.  COI1: an Arabidopsis gene required for jasmonate-regulated defense and fertility. , 1998, Science.

[26]  J. B. Reid,et al.  MYC2 Differentially Modulates Diverse Jasmonate-Dependent Functions in Arabidopsis[W] , 2007, The Plant Cell Online.

[27]  C. Wasternack,et al.  The Outcomes of Concentration-Specific Interactions between Salicylate and Jasmonate Signaling Include Synergy, Antagonism, and Oxidative Stress Leading to Cell Death , 2005, Plant Physiology.

[28]  G. Pastori,et al.  Common Components, Networks, and Pathways of Cross-Tolerance to Stress. The Central Role of “Redox” and Abscisic Acid-Mediated Controls1 , 2002, Plant Physiology.

[29]  J. Görlach,et al.  Growth Stage–Based Phenotypic Analysis of Arabidopsis , 2001, The Plant Cell Online.

[30]  Hideyuki Suzuki,et al.  12-Oxo-Phytodienoic Acid Triggers Expression of a Distinct Set of Genes and Plays a Role in Wound-Induced Gene Expression in Arabidopsis1[w] , 2005, Plant Physiology.

[31]  David I. Ellis,et al.  Metabolomic approaches reveal that phosphatidic and phosphatidyl glycerol phospholipids are major discriminatory non-polar metabolites in responses by Brachypodium distachyon to challenge by Magnaporthe grisea. , 2006, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[32]  G. Howe.  Jasmonates as signals in the wound response , 2007, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation.

[33]  K. Torii,et al.  Plant growth and development — the new wave , 2008 .

[34]  J. Kangasjärvi,et al.  Mutual antagonism of ethylene and jasmonic acid regulates ozone-induced spreading cell death in Arabidopsis. , 2004, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[35]  Philippe Reymond,et al.  A Conserved Transcript Pattern in Response to a Specialist and a Generalist Herbivorew⃞ , 2004, The Plant Cell Online.

[36]  P. Staswick,et al.  Methyl jasmonate inhibition of root growth and induction of a leaf protein are decreased in an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[37]  J. Dat,et al.  Hydrogen peroxide‐ and glutathione‐associated mechanisms of acclimatory stress tolerance and signalling , 1997 .

[38]  Bryan C Thines,et al.  JAZ repressor proteins are targets of the SCFCOI1 complex during jasmonate signalling , 2007, Nature.

[39]  S. Clarke,et al.  Salicylic acid dependent signaling promotes basal thermotolerance but is not essential for acquired thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. , 2004, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[40]  A. Enyedi,et al.  The Arabidopsis hrl1 mutation reveals novel overlapping roles for salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene signalling in cell death and defence against pathogens. , 2002, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[41]  G. Martin,et al.  Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato type III effectors AvrPto and AvrPtoB promote ethylene-dependent cell death in tomato. , 2005, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[42]  J. Kangasjärvi,et al.  Ozone-Sensitive Arabidopsis rcd1 Mutant Reveals Opposite Roles for Ethylene and Jasmonate Signaling Pathways in Regulating Superoxide-Dependent Cell Death , 2000, Plant Cell.

[43]  C. Wasternack,et al.  Hydroxylated jasmonates are commonly occurring metabolites of jasmonic acid and contribute to a partial switch-off in jasmonate signaling. , 2007, The New phytologist.

[44]  Martin J. Mueller,et al.  NPR1 Modulates Cross-Talk between Salicylate- and Jasmonate-Dependent Defense Pathways through a Novel Function in the Cytosol Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.009159. , 2003, The Plant Cell Online.

[45]  K. Apel,et al.  Isolation and characterization of signal transduction mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana that constitutively activate the octadecanoid pathway and form necrotic microlesions. , 2001, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[46]  L. Willmitzer,et al.  Aspirin prevents wound-induced gene expression in tomato leaves by blocking jasmonic acid biosynthesis , 1993, Planta.

[47]  E. Ward,et al.  A Central Role of Salicylic Acid in Plant Disease Resistance , 1994, Science.

[48]  G. Loake,et al.  Cauliflower mosaic virus, a Compatible Pathogen of Arabidopsis, Engages Three Distinct Defense-Signaling Pathways and Activates Rapid Systemic Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species1 , 2005, Plant Physiology.

[49]  J. Micol,et al.  The JAZ family of repressors is the missing link in jasmonate signalling , 2007, Nature.

[50]  J. Dat,et al.  Parallel changes in H2O2 and catalase during thermotolerance induced by salicylic acid or heat acclimation in mustard seedlings , 1998, Plant physiology.

[51]  C. Wasternack.  Oxylipins: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction and Action , 2007 .

[52]  E. Vierling,et al.  Arabidopsis hot Mutants Define Multiple Functions Required for Acclimation to High Temperatures1 , 2003, Plant Physiology.

[53]  Hong Ma,et al.  The SCF(COI1) ubiquitin-ligase complexes are required for jasmonate response in Arabidopsis. , 2002, The Plant cell.

[54]  C. Pieterse,et al.  NPR1: the spider in the web of induced resistance signaling pathways. , 2004, Current opinion in plant biology.

[55]  Rebecca L. Brown,et al.  The promoter of the plant defensin gene PDF1.2 from Arabidopsis is systemically activated by fungal pathogens and responds to methyl jasmonate but not to salicylic acid , 1998, Plant Molecular Biology.

[56]  Xing Wang Deng,et al.  The COP9 signalosome interacts physically with SCF COI1 and modulates jasmonate responses. , 2003, The Plant cell.

[57]  R. Creelman,et al.  Jasmonic Acid Signaling Modulates Ozone-Induced Hypersensitive Cell Death , 2000, Plant Cell.

[58]  S. Lindquist,et al.  Heat Shock Protein 101 Plays a Crucial Role in Thermotolerance in Arabidopsis , 2000, Plant Cell.

[59]  D. Klessig,et al.  Uncoupling PR Gene Expression from NPR1 and Bacterial Resistance: Characterization of the Dominant Arabidopsis cpr6-1 Mutant , 1998, Plant Cell.

[60]  M. Drew,et al.  Transduction of an Ethylene Signal Is Required for Cell Death and Lysis in the Root Cortex of Maize during Aerenchyma Formation Induced by Hypoxia , 1996, Plant physiology.

[61]  B. Thomma,et al.  Concomitant Activation of Jasmonate and Ethylene Response Pathways Is Required for Induction of a Plant Defensin Gene in Arabidopsis , 1998, Plant Cell.

[62]  D. Klessig,et al.  Environmentally sensitive, SA-dependent defense responses in the cpr22 mutant of Arabidopsis. , 2001, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[63]  P. Reymond,et al.  Differential Gene Expression in Response to Mechanical Wounding and Insect Feeding in Arabidopsis , 2000, Plant Cell.

[64]  C. Wasternack,et al.  Tissue-specific oxylipin signature of tomato flowers: allene oxide cyclase is highly expressed in distinct flower organs and vascular bundles. , 2000, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[65]  P. Staswick.  JAZing up jasmonate signaling. , 2008, Trends in plant science.

[66]  E. Vierling,et al.  Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana defective in the acquisition of tolerance to high temperature stress. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[67]  Alessandra Devoto,et al.  Jasmonate signalling network in Arabidopsis thaliana: crucial regulatory nodes and new physiological scenarios. , 2007, The New phytologist.

[68]  E. Vierling,et al.  Heat Stress Phenotypes of Arabidopsis Mutants Implicate Multiple Signaling Pathways in the Acquisition of Thermotolerance1[w] , 2005, Plant Physiology.

[69]  E. Weiler,et al.  Salicylic Acid Inhibits Synthesis of Proteinase Inhibitors in Tomato Leaves Induced by Systemin and Jasmonic Acid , 1995, Plant physiology.

[70]  C. Pieterse,et al.  The AP2/ERF Domain Transcription Factor ORA59 Integrates Jasmonic Acid and Ethylene Signals in Plant Defense1[W] , 2008, Plant Physiology.

[71]  J. Draper,et al.  Characterisation of a wound-induced transcript from the monocot asparagus that shares similarity with a class of intracellular pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins , 1992, Plant Molecular Biology.

[72]  R. Solano,et al.  JASMONATE-INSENSITIVE1 Encodes a MYC Transcription Factor Essential to Discriminate between Different Jasmonate-Regulated Defense Responses in Arabidopsis , 2004, The Plant Cell Online.

[73]  Hoo Sun Chung,et al.  Jasmonate signaling: a conserved mechanism of hormone sensing. , 2008, Current opinion in plant biology.

[74]  X. Dong,et al.  Genetic dissection of systemic acquired resistance. , 2001, Current opinion in plant biology.

[75]  E. Vierling,et al.  Molecular chaperones and protein folding in plants , 1996, Plant Molecular Biology.

[76]  C. Wasternack,et al.  Jasmonates: an update on biosynthesis, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. , 2007, Annals of botany.

[77]  M. Pagni,et al.  A Downstream Mediator in the Growth Repression Limb of the Jasmonate Pathway[W][OA] , 2007, The Plant Cell Online.