Seeing graphene-based sheets

Graphene-based sheets such as graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide have stimulated great interest due to their promising electronic, mechanical and thermal properties. Microscopy imaging is indispensable for characterizing these single atomic layers, and oftentimes is the first measure of sample quality. This review provides an overview of current imaging techniques for graphene-based sheets and highlights a recently developed fluorescence quenching microscopy technique that allows high-throughput, high-contrast imaging of graphene-based sheets on arbitrary substrate and even in solution.

[1]  Inhwa Jung,et al.  Tunable electrical conductivity of individual graphene oxide sheets reduced at "low" temperatures. , 2008, Nano letters.

[2]  Daniel A. Zweifel,et al.  Interactions of functionalized carbon nanotubes with tethered pyrenes in solution , 2002 .

[3]  S. Pei,et al.  Graphene segregated on Ni surfaces and transferred to insulators , 2008, 0804.1778.

[4]  K. Müllen,et al.  Transparent, conductive graphene electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. , 2008, Nano letters.

[5]  Alexander A. Balandin,et al.  Raman nanometrology of graphene: Temperature and substrate effects , 2009 .

[6]  Martina Hausner,et al.  Simple Approach for High-Contrast Optical Imaging and Characterization of Graphene-Based Sheets , 2007, 0706.0029.

[7]  Louis E. Brus,et al.  High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of mesoscopic graphene sheets on an insulating surface , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[8]  M. Melucci,et al.  High-contrast visualization of graphene oxide on dye-sensitized glass, quartz, and silicon by fluorescence quenching. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[9]  T. Richardson,et al.  Direct imaging of soft-hard interfaces enabled by graphene. , 2009, Nano letters.

[10]  SUPARNA DUTTASINHA,et al.  Graphene: Status and Prospects , 2009, Science.

[11]  R. Stoltenberg,et al.  Evaluation of solution-processed reduced graphene oxide films as transparent conductors. , 2008, ACS nano.

[12]  T. Hwa,et al.  Crumpled and collapsed conformation in graphite oxide membranes , 1992, Nature.

[13]  Andrew G. Glen,et al.  APPL , 2001 .

[14]  C. Knobler,et al.  A compact Brewster-angle microscope for use in Langmuir–Blodgett deposition , 1998 .

[15]  H. Dai,et al.  Noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes by fluorescein-polyethylene glycol: supramolecular conjugates with pH-dependent absorbance and fluorescence. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[16]  K. L. Sebastian,et al.  Resonance energy transfer from a dye molecule to graphene. , 2008, The Journal of chemical physics.

[17]  G. Wallace,et al.  Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[18]  Wei Gao,et al.  New insights into the structure and reduction of graphite oxide. , 2009, Nature chemistry.

[19]  Mark R. Kagan,et al.  Reduction of Fluorescence Interference in Raman Spectroscopy via Analyte Adsorption on Graphitic Carbon , 1994 .

[20]  Dong-Hun Chae,et al.  Laser-induced disassembly of a graphene single crystal into a nanocrystalline network , 2009 .

[21]  V. C. Moore,et al.  Visualization of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes by fluorescent polymer wrapping. , 2005, Nano letters.

[22]  Mild sonochemical exfoliation of bromine-intercalated graphite: a new route towards graphene , 2009, 0905.4451.

[23]  G. Eda,et al.  Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[24]  S. Banerjee,et al.  Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils , 2009, Science.

[25]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films , 2004, Science.

[26]  S. Stankovich,et al.  Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide , 2007 .

[27]  R. Ruoff,et al.  Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[28]  H. Dai,et al.  Highly conducting graphene sheets and Langmuir-Blodgett films. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[29]  N. Peres,et al.  Fine Structure Constant Defines Visual Transparency of Graphene , 2008, Science.

[30]  Jannik C. Meyer,et al.  Imaging and dynamics of light atoms and molecules on graphene , 2008, Nature.

[31]  K. L. Sebastian,et al.  Long range resonance energy transfer from a dye molecule to graphene has (distance)(-4) dependence. , 2009, The Journal of chemical physics.

[32]  Y. Ishitsuka,et al.  Monitoring x-ray beam damage on lipid films by an integrated Brewster angle microscope/x-ray diffractometer. , 2007, The Review of scientific instruments.

[33]  J. Coleman,et al.  High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[34]  S. Stankovich,et al.  Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper , 2007, Nature.

[35]  F. Beltram,et al.  The optical visibility of graphene: interference colors of ultrathin graphite on SiO(2). , 2007, Nano letters.

[36]  Franklin Kim,et al.  Langmuir-Blodgett assembly of graphite oxide single layers. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[37]  R. Kaner,et al.  Honeycomb carbon: a review of graphene. , 2010, Chemical reviews.

[38]  H. B. Weber,et al.  Towards wafer-size graphene layers by atmospheric pressure graphitization of silicon carbide. , 2009, Nature materials.

[39]  Rodolfo Cruz-Silva,et al.  Flash reduction and patterning of graphite oxide and its polymer composite. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[40]  N. Turro,et al.  Principles of Molecular Photochemistry: An Introduction , 2008 .

[41]  Kang L. Wang,et al.  A chemical route to graphene for device applications. , 2007, Nano letters.

[42]  Spector,et al.  Conformations of a tethered membrane: Crumpling in graphitic oxide? , 1994, Physical review letters.

[43]  W. Dobelle,et al.  CHEMICALLY CLEAVED GRAPHITE SUPPORT FILMS FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY , 1968, The Journal of cell biology.

[44]  P. Thordarson,et al.  Gram-scale production of graphene based on solvothermal synthesis and sonication. , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[45]  Rodney S. Ruoff,et al.  Characterization of Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide by Imaging Ellipsometry , 2008 .

[46]  S. Stankovich,et al.  Graphene-silica composite thin films as transparent conductors. , 2007, Nano letters.

[47]  L. Brinson,et al.  Functionalized graphene sheets for polymer nanocomposites. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[48]  Zhuang Liu,et al.  Nano-graphene oxide for cellular imaging and drug delivery , 2008, Nano research.

[49]  A Miyawaki,et al.  Measurement of cytosolic, mitochondrial, and Golgi pH in single living cells with green fluorescent proteins. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[50]  R. Rosenfeld Nature , 2009, Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

[51]  A. Reina,et al.  Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. , 2009, Nano letters.

[52]  H. Dai,et al.  Chemically Derived, Ultrasmooth Graphene Nanoribbon Semiconductors , 2008, Science.

[53]  Yang Yang,et al.  High-throughput solution processing of large-scale graphene. , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[54]  C. Hierold,et al.  Raman imaging of graphene , 2007 .

[55]  Kwang S. Kim,et al.  Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes , 2009, Nature.

[56]  Masahiro Fujiwara,et al.  Thin-film particles of graphite oxide 1:: High-yield synthesis and flexibility of the particles , 2004 .

[57]  S. Stankovich,et al.  Graphene-based composite materials , 2006, Nature.

[58]  Visualizing graphene based sheets by fluorescence quenching microscopy. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[59]  Hwa,et al.  Conformation of graphite oxide membranes in solution. , 1991, Physical review. A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

[60]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[61]  George M. Whitesides,et al.  Microscope Projection Photolithography for Rapid Prototyping of Masters with Micron-Scale Features for Use in Soft Lithography , 2001 .

[62]  Yan Wang,et al.  A Graphene Hybrid Material Covalently Functionalized with Porphyrin: Synthesis and Optical Limiting Property , 2009 .