O PESCADO E OS CESTÓIDES TRYPANORHYNCHA – DO ASPECTO HIGIÊNICO AO POTENCIAL ALERGÊNICO

O consumo de peixes acompanha o desenvolvimento da humanidade ha seculos e tem apresentado um importante crescimento nas ultimas decadas. A ingestao de pescado parasitado pode representar uma ameaca a saude humana, tanto pelo risco de infeccao acidental quanto por manifestacoes do tipo alergico. Os cestoides Trypanorhyncha estao entre os parasitos mais observados em peixes de importância economica. Suas larvas podem se desenvolver nas visceras e musculatura de peixes teleosteos marinhos e dulcaquicolas, conferindo aspecto repugnante quando em grande volume. Atualmente, diversas moleculas de parasitos tem sido implicadas no desenvolvimento de reacoes de hipersensibilidade em humanos, variando desde manifestacoes localizadas ate sistemicas (anafilaxia). O estudo do potencial alergenico de parasitos de peixes, iniciado com nematoides anisaquideos, tem alcancado outros grupos e em especial, os cestoides Trypanorhyncha. O presente artigo busca fazer uma breve revisao sobre a importância higienico-sanitaria dos cestoides da ordem Trypanorhyncha tendo em vista o cenario atual de consumo do pescado, assim como as principais medidas preventivas normalmente preconizadas contra as parasitoses transmitidas pelo pescado contaminado.

[1]  M. Verícimo,et al.  Immunogenic activity of the fish tapeworm Pterobothrium heteracanthum (Trypanorhyncha: Pterobothriidae) in BALB/c mice , 2013, Journal of Helminthology.

[2]  M. Rodero,et al.  The Anisakis allergy debate: does an evolutionary approach help? , 2012, Trends in parasitology.

[3]  P. Hajeb,et al.  A Contemporary Review of Seafood Allergy , 2012, Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology.

[4]  C. Kapel,et al.  Changing dietary habits in a changing world: emerging drivers for the transmission of foodborne parasitic zoonoses. , 2011, Veterinary parasitology.

[5]  M. Knoff,et al.  Anisakidae nematodes and Trypanorhyncha cestodes of hygienic importance infecting the king mackerel Scomberomorus cavalla (Osteichthyes: Scombridae) in Brazil. , 2011, Veterinary parasitology.

[6]  H. Palm,et al.  Trypanorhynch cestodes of teleost fish from the Persian Gulf, Iran , 2010, Journal of Helminthology.

[7]  S. Newman,et al.  The stock structure of grey mackerel Scomberomorus semifasciatus in Australia as inferred from its parasite fauna , 2010 .

[8]  D. C. Gomes,et al.  Cestodes of the flounder paralichthys isosceles jordan, 1890 (osteichthyes - paralichthyidae) from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil , 2010 .

[9]  D. Littlewood,et al.  Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the Trypanorhyncha Diesing, 1863 (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda). , 2009, Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.

[10]  M. Rodero,et al.  Seroprevalence of Anti-Gymnorhynchus gigas (Trypanorhyncha, Gymnorhynchidae) Antibodies in a Spanish Population , 2009, The Journal of parasitology.

[11]  S. Campos,et al.  Food allergy/hypersensitivity: antigenicity or timing? , 2009, Immunobiology.

[12]  E. Giuffra,et al.  Allergenic activity of Molicola horridus (Cestoda, Trypanorhyncha), a cosmopolitan fish parasite, in a mouse model. , 2008, Veterinary parasitology.

[13]  M. Kennedy,et al.  Anisakis simplex: from Obscure Infectious Worm to Inducer of Immune Hypersensitivity , 2008, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[14]  S. C. D. S. Clemente,et al.  Anisakidae parasitos de congro-rosa, Genypterus brasiliensis Regan, 1903 comercializados no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil de interesse na saúde pública , 2007 .

[15]  Robert M. Anthony,et al.  Protective immune mechanisms in helminth infection , 2007, Nature Reviews Immunology.

[16]  S. C. D. S. Clemente,et al.  Cestóides Trypanorhyncha parasitos de peixe sapo-pescador, Lophius gastrophysus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1915 comercializados no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil , 2007 .

[17]  T. Robins,et al.  Exposure to the fish parasite Anisakis causes allergic airway hyperreactivity and dermatitis. , 2006, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[18]  D. C. Gomes,et al.  Taxonomic reports of Otobothrioidea (Eucestoda, Trypanorhyncha) from elasmobranch fishes of the southern coast off Brazil. , 2004, Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.

[19]  W. Bernadina,et al.  A 24-kDa Collagenase from Gymnorhynchus gigas Elicits Rat Ileum Hyperreactivity and Is a Target of Humoral Responses in Mice Previously Given a Single Oral Dose of Parasite Extract , 2002, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[20]  R. Lester,et al.  Stock discrimination and movement of narrow barred Spanish mackerel across northern Australia as indicated by parasites , 2003 .

[21]  S. C. D. S. Clemente,et al.  Prevalência e intensidade de infecção de cestóides Trypanorhyncha de elasmobrânquios nos estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina, Brasil , 2002 .

[22]  I. Ansotegui,et al.  Anisakis simplex: dangerous--dead and alive? , 2002, Trends in parasitology.

[23]  J. Domínguez-Ortega,et al.  Anaphylaxis due to Hypersensitivity to Anisakis simplex , 2001, International Archives of Allergy and Immunology.

[24]  F. Rodríguez-Caabeiro,et al.  Oral inoculation with Gymnorhynchus gigas induces anti-parasite anapyhylactic antibody production in both mice and rats and adverse reactions in challenge mice. , 2001, International journal of food microbiology.

[25]  M. Rodero,et al.  IgE antibody to parasite induced in mice , 2000, Allergy.

[26]  R. Cabañas,et al.  Gastroallergic anisakiasis: borderline between food allergy and parasitic disease-clinical and allergologic evaluation of 20 patients with confirmed acute parasitism by Anisakis simplex. , 2000, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[27]  Pichler.  Anisakiasis: immunity, allergy or both? Lessons on the natural role of immunoglobulin E from a nematode infestation , 1999, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[28]  M. Rodero,et al.  Humoral immune responses induced by Gymnorhynchus gigas extracts in BALB/c mice , 1999, Journal of Helminthology.

[29]  M. Kennedy,et al.  Cooking and freezing may not protect against allergenic reactions to ingested Anisakis simplex antigens in humans , 1997, Veterinary Record.

[30]  H. Palm.  Trypanorhynch Cestodes of Commercial Fishes from Northeast Brazilian Coastal Waters , 1997 .

[31]  L. Férnandez de Corres,et al.  Anisakis simplex induces not only anisakiasis: report on 28 cases of allergy caused by this nematode. , 1996, Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology.

[32]  D. Muñoz,et al.  Recurrent anaphylaxis caused by Anisakis simplex parasitizing fish. , 1995, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[33]  C. M. A. Uchôa,et al.  Parasitos de Balistes vetu/a (L.) e sua importância na inspeção do pescado , 1995 .

[34]  H. Palm,et al.  Trypanorhynchid cestodes of commercial inshore fishes of the West African coast , 1994 .

[35]  R. Bray,et al.  Keys to the cestode parasites of vertebrates. , 1994 .

[36]  R. A. Campbell,et al.  Order Trypanorhyncha Diesing, 1863. , 1994 .

[37]  E. Matos,et al.  Trypanorhynch plerocerci in fish of commercial importance in brazil , 1993 .

[38]  R. Bates.  A checklist of the Trypanorhyncha (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) of the world (1935-1985) , 1991 .

[39]  J. Grabda.  Marine Fish Parasitology: An Outline , 1991 .

[40]  M. Kamiya,et al.  Trypanorhynchid cestode larva found on the human palatine tonsil , 1981 .