A Review of Meibography

ABSTRACT Meibomian gland dysfunction is one of the most common causes of dry eye resulting in morphology changes to the meibomian glands. Meibography provides an in vivo means to assess the structure of the meibomian gland. Over the past 40 years, meibography has undergone significant development regarding its application to research and clinical practice. This review describes the evolution of the various meibography techniques, grading methods, and their diagnostic relevance.

[1]  J. Wolffsohn,et al.  The effect of digital image resolution and compression on anterior eye imaging , 2005, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[2]  Murat Dogru,et al.  The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the clinical trials subcommittee. , 2011, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[3]  J. Wolffsohn,et al.  Clinical monitoring of ocular physiology using digital image analysis. , 2003, Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association.

[4]  Kenji Inoue,et al.  Contact lens wear is associated with decrease of meibomian glands. , 2009, Ophthalmology.

[5]  János Németh,et al.  Imaging lid-parallel conjunctival folds with OCT and comparing its grading with the slit lamp classification in dry eye patients and normal subjects. , 2011, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[6]  S. Amano,et al.  Efficacy of diagnostic criteria for the differential diagnosis between obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction and aqueous deficiency dry eye , 2010, Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology.

[7]  E. Knop,et al.  [Meibomian glands : part IV. Functional interactions in the pathogenesis of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)]. , 2009, Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft.

[8]  Jun Shimazaki,et al.  The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the definition and classification subcommittee. , 2011, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[9]  K. Tsubota,et al.  The application of in vivo laser confocal microscopy to the diagnosis and evaluation of meibomian gland dysfunction , 2008, Molecular Vision.

[10]  J. Wolffsohn,et al.  Sensitivity and reliability of objective image analysis compared to subjective grading of bulbar hyperaemia , 2007, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[11]  A. Kampik,et al.  Konfokale In-vivo-Mikroskopie bei Blepharitis , 2005 .

[12]  B Seitz,et al.  [Meibomian glands : part III. Dysfunction - argument for a discrete disease entity and as an important cause of dry eye]. , 2009, Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft.

[13]  W. Feuer,et al.  Evaluation of Subjective Assessments and Objective Diagnostic Tests for Diagnosing Tear‐Film Disorders Known to Cause Ocular Irritation , 1998, Cornea.

[14]  A. Kampik,et al.  In vivo Confocal Microscopy in Blepharitis , 2006 .

[15]  W. Petroll,et al.  Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Chronic Blepharitis , 1991, Cornea.

[16]  A. Bron,et al.  Meibomian gland dysfunction: a clinical scheme for description, diagnosis, classification, and grading. , 2003, The ocular surface.

[17]  J. Baum.  Biomicroscopic study of the glands of meibomius , 1979 .

[18]  H. Pult,et al.  Non‐contact meibography in diagnosis and treatment of non‐obvious meibomian gland dysfunction , 2012 .

[19]  K. Tsubota,et al.  The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: executive summary. , 2011, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[20]  K. Tsubota,et al.  The efficacy, sensitivity, and specificity of in vivo laser confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of meibomian gland dysfunction. , 2010, Ophthalmology.

[21]  W. Mathers,et al.  Video imaging of the meibomian gland. , 1994, Archives of ophthalmology.

[22]  K. Tsubota,et al.  The evaluation of the treatment response in obstructive meibomian gland disease by in vivo laser confocal microscopy , 2009, Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.

[23]  Shigeru Kinoshita,et al.  A Newly Developed Video-Meibography System Featuring a Newly Designed Probe , 2007, Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology.

[24]  Jason J Nichols,et al.  Relation Between Upper and Lower Lids' Meibomian Gland Morphology, Tear Film, and Dry Eye , 2012, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[25]  J S Wolffsohn,et al.  Incremental nature of anterior eye grading scales determined by objective image analysis , 2004, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[26]  Kenji Inoue,et al.  Noncontact infrared meibography to document age-related changes of the meibomian glands in a normal population. , 2008, Ophthalmology.

[27]  J. Wolffsohn,et al.  Objective Grading of The Anterior Eye , 2009, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[28]  J. Németh,et al.  OCT Imaging of Lid-Parallel Conjunctival Folds in Soft Contact Lens Wearers , 2011, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[29]  Heiko Pult,et al.  An Assement of Subjective and Objective Grading of Meibography Images , 2012 .

[30]  P. King-Smith,et al.  The contribution of lipid layer movement to tear film thinning and breakup. , 2009, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[31]  Ayumu Furuta,et al.  Proposed diagnostic criteria for obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction. , 2009, Ophthalmology.

[32]  A. Tomlinson,et al.  Tear and Meibomian Gland Function in Blepharitis and Normals , 2009, Eye & contact lens.

[33]  R E Smith,et al.  In vivo transillumination biomicroscopy and photography of meibomian gland dysfunction. A clinical study. , 1985, Ophthalmology.

[34]  Jason J Nichols,et al.  An Assessment of Grading Scales for Meibography Images , 2005, Cornea.

[35]  R E Smith,et al.  In vivo biomicroscopy and photography of meibomian glands in a rabbit model of meibomian gland dysfunction. , 1982, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[36]  Heiko Pult,et al.  Non-contact meibography: keep it simple but effective. , 2011, Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association.

[37]  T. Waubke,et al.  [Diagnosis and and differentiation of dry eye disorders]. , 1995, Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft.

[38]  D. Galimberti,et al.  In vivo confocal microscopy of meibomian glands in Sjögren's syndrome. , 2011, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[39]  Gary N. Foulks,et al.  DEWS Report: A Mission Completed , 2007 .