Perceptual aspects of reproduced sound in car cabin acoustics.

An experiment was conducted to determine the perceptual effects of car cabin acoustics on the reproduced sound field. In-car measurements were conducted whilst the cabin's interior was physically modified. The captured sound fields were recreated in the laboratory using a three-dimensional loudspeaker array. A panel of expert assessors followed a rapid sensory analysis protocol, the flash profile, to perceptually characterize and evaluate 12 acoustical conditions of the car cabin using individually elicited attributes. A multivariate analysis revealed the panel's consensus and the identified perceptual constructs. Six perceptual constructs characterize the differences between the acoustical conditions of the cabin, related to bass, ambience, transparency, width and envelopment, brightness, and image focus. The current results indicate the importance of several acoustical properties of a car's interior on the perceived sound qualities. Moreover, they signify the capacity of the applied methodology in assessing spectral and spatial properties of automotive environments in laboratory settings using a time-efficient and flexible protocol.

[1]  Tapio Lokki,et al.  A rapid sensory analysis method for perceptual assessment of automotive audio , 2017 .

[2]  Tapio Lokki,et al.  Spatial Analysis and Synthesis of Car Audio System and Car Cabin Acoustics with a Compact Microphone Array , 2015 .

[3]  Patrick Dennis,et al.  In-Vehicle Audio System Sound Quality Preference Study , 2015 .

[4]  Ziyun Liu,et al.  The Effects of Recording and Playback Methods in Virtual Listening Tests , 2015 .

[5]  Tapio Lokki,et al.  Analysis of the seat-dip effect in twelve European concert halls , 2015 .

[6]  Nick Zacharov,et al.  The Development of a Sound Wheel for Reproduced Sound , 2015 .

[7]  J. Pagès Multiple Factor Analysis by Example Using R , 2014 .

[8]  Søren Bech,et al.  Elicitation of attributes for the evaluation of audio-on-audio interference. , 2014, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[9]  Sébastien Lê,et al.  Analyzing Sensory Data with R , 2014 .

[10]  Steffen Lepa,et al.  A spatial audio quality inventory for virtual acoustic environments (SAQI) , 2014 .

[11]  Neofytos Kaplanis,et al.  Perception of reverberation in small rooms : a literature study , 2014 .

[12]  Tapio Lokki,et al.  Preferences of Critical Listening Environments Among Sound Engineers , 2014 .

[13]  Tapio Lokki,et al.  Identifying concert halls from source presence vs room presence. , 2014, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[14]  Gastón Ares,et al.  Novel Techniques in Sensory Characterization and Consumer Profiling , 2014 .

[15]  Marine Cadoret,et al.  Construction and evaluation of confidence ellipses applied at sensory data , 2013 .

[16]  Tapio Lokki,et al.  Spatial Decomposition Method for Room Impulse Responses , 2013 .

[17]  H. Abdi,et al.  Multiple factor analysis: principal component analysis for multitable and multiblock data sets , 2013 .

[18]  Tapio Lokki,et al.  Analysis of concert hall acoustics via visualizations of time-frequency and spatiotemporal responses. , 2013, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[19]  Tapio Lokki,et al.  Disentangling preference ratings of concert hall acoustics using subjective sensory profiles. , 2012, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[20]  Francis Rumsey,et al.  Audio Bit Rates , 2012 .

[21]  Martin Olsen,et al.  Room Gain in a Car , 2012 .

[22]  Martin Olsen,et al.  Car Interior Simulation Model for Low Frequencies Using the Finite Difference Time Domain Method , 2012 .

[23]  Johannes Nowak,et al.  Sound Field Reproduction Analysis in a Car Cabin Based on Microphone Array Measurements , 2012 .

[24]  Tapio Lokki,et al.  Concert hall acoustics assessment with individually elicited attributes. , 2011, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[25]  Angelo Farina,et al.  Experimental Analysis of Spatial Properties of the Sound Field Inside a Car Employing a Spherical Microphone Array , 2011 .

[26]  Diemer de Vries,et al.  Approach to Sound Field Analysis and Simulation Inside a Car Cabin , 2009 .

[27]  Sean Olive,et al.  A New Reference Listening Room for Consumer, Professiona,l and Automotive Audio Research , 2009 .

[28]  Diemer de Vries,et al.  Application of Multichannel Impulse Response Measurement to Automotive Audio , 2008 .

[29]  Sébastien Lê,et al.  FactoMineR: An R Package for Multivariate Analysis , 2008 .

[30]  Søren Bech,et al.  A Listening Test System for Automotive Audio – Part 3: Comparison of Attribute Ratings Made in a Vehicle with Those Made Using an Auralization System , 2007 .

[31]  Søren Bech,et al.  Perceptual Audio Evaluation-Theory, Method and Application: Bech/Perceptual Audio Evaluation-Theory, Method and Application , 2006 .

[32]  Florian Wickelmaier,et al.  Perceptual Audio Evaluation - Theory, Method and Application , 2006 .

[33]  Flemming Christensen,et al.  A Listening Test System for Automotive Audio - Part 1: System Description , 2005 .

[34]  Søren Bech,et al.  A Listening Test System for Automotive Audio - Part 2: Initial Verification , 2005 .

[35]  Søren Bech,et al.  Attribute Identification and Quantification in Automotive Audio - Part 1: Introduction to the Descriptive Analysis Technique , 2005 .

[36]  J. Delarue,et al.  Sensory mapping using Flash profile. Comparison with a conventional descriptive method for the evaluation of the flavour of fruit dairy products , 2004 .

[37]  Ville Pulkki,et al.  Psychoacoustic Cues in Room Size Perception , 2004 .

[38]  Francesco Piazza,et al.  Evaluating Different Vehicle Audio Environments Through a Novel Software-based System , 2004 .

[39]  Jérôme Pagès,et al.  Hierarchical Multiple Factor Analysis: application to the comparison of sensory profiles , 2003 .

[40]  Per B. Brockhoff,et al.  Statistical testing of individual differences in sensory profiling , 2003 .

[41]  Koeng-Mo Sung,et al.  Assessment of Sound Field in a Car , 2002 .

[42]  Victoire Dairou,et al.  A Comparison of 14 Jams Characterized by Conventional Profile and a Quick Original Method, the Flash Profile , 2002 .

[43]  Mendel Kleiner,et al.  Objective Characterization of Audio Sound Fields in Automotive Spaces , 1998 .

[44]  L L Beranek,et al.  Relations among interaural cross-correlation coefficient (IACCE), lateral fraction (LFE), and apparent source width (ASW) in concert halls. , 1998, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[45]  Angelo Farina,et al.  Subjective Comparison of Different Car Audio Systems by the Auralization Technique , 1997 .

[46]  Daniel C. Mikat,et al.  Subjective Evaluations of Automotive Audio Systems , 1996 .

[47]  Mendel Kleiner,et al.  Experimental auralization of car audio installations , 1996 .

[48]  G M Mackay,et al.  How drivers sit in cars. , 1995, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[49]  Floyd E. Toole,et al.  The Detection of Reflections in Typical Rooms , 1989 .

[50]  Don Davis,et al.  The -Lede- Concept for the Control of Acoustic and Psdychoacoustic Parameters in Recording Control Rooms , 1979 .

[51]  J. Gower Generalized procrustes analysis , 1975 .

[52]  P. Legendre Numerical Ecology , 2019, Encyclopedia of Ecology.

[53]  E. King,et al.  Classical descriptive analysis , 2014 .

[54]  Kathryn Beresford,et al.  Perceptual Effects of Spectral Magnitude Distortions in a Multi-Channel Automotive Audio Environment , 2010 .

[55]  Harry T. Lawless,et al.  Sensory Evaluation of Food , 1999 .

[56]  S. Geneva,et al.  Sound Quality Assessment Material: Recordings for Subjective Tests , 1988 .

[57]  J. A. Pedersen,et al.  Automotive Audio , 2022 .