Is There a Violation of Savage’s Sure-Thing Principle in the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game?

This report seeks to determine whether the violation of Savage’s sure-thing principle is robust enough to survive in an original payoff domain of the prisoner’s dilemma game. It was found that the sure-thing principle was violated in the domain of gains as expected by Shafir and Tversky but obeyed in the domain of losses. It was further found that the sure-thing principle was also obeyed in the original prison sentence payoffs, which fall into the domain of losses. The findings suggest a reexamination of the application of the sure-thing principle in the prisoner’s dilemma game.

[1]  P. Richerson,et al.  Punishment allows the evolution of cooperation (or anything else) in sizable groups , 1992 .

[2]  Croson,et al.  The Disjunction Effect and Reason-Based Choice in Games. , 1999, Organizational behavior and human decision processes.

[3]  C Athena Aktipis,et al.  Know when to walk away: contingent movement and the evolution of cooperation. , 2004, Journal of theoretical biology.

[4]  C. Knight,et al.  The evolution of seeds. , 2010, The New phytologist.

[5]  Charles Lambdin,et al.  The disjunction effect reexamined: Relevant methodological issues and the fallacy of unspecified percentage comparisons , 2007 .

[6]  H. Gintis,et al.  The evolution of strong reciprocity: cooperation in heterogeneous populations. , 2004, Theoretical population biology.

[7]  A. Tversky,et al.  The Disjunction Effect in Choice under Uncertainty , 1992 .

[8]  Lola L. Lopes,et al.  [Advances in Experimental Social Psychology] Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 20 Volume 20 || Between Hope and Fear: The Psychology of Risk , 1987 .

[9]  David Newth,et al.  Asynchronous Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma , 2009, Adapt. Behav..

[10]  Shu Li,et al.  The equate-to-differentiate's way of seeing the prisoner's dilemma , 2007, Inf. Sci..

[11]  P. Todd,et al.  Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart , 1999 .

[12]  W. Hamilton,et al.  The evolution of cooperation. , 1984, Science.

[13]  Roger D. Congleton,et al.  Rationality, Morality, and Exit , 1992, American Political Science Review.

[14]  John E. Taplin,et al.  Examining whether there is a disjunction effect in Prisoner's Dilemma games. , 2002 .

[15]  A. Tversky,et al.  Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice: A Reference-Dependent Model , 1991 .

[16]  Shu Li,et al.  A new look at the “Asian disease” problem: A choice between the best possible outcomes or between the worst possible outcomes? , 2006 .

[17]  E. Shafir Uncertainty and the difficulty of thinking through disjunctions , 1994, Cognition.

[18]  M. Nowak,et al.  A strategy of win-stay, lose-shift that outperforms tit-for-tat in the Prisoner's Dilemma game , 1993, Nature.

[19]  Annapurna Valluri,et al.  Learning and Cooperation in Sequential Games , 2006, Adapt. Behav..

[20]  S. Vajda,et al.  GAMES AND DECISIONS; INTRODUCTION AND CRITICAL SURVEY. , 1958 .

[21]  Anatol Rapoport,et al.  Strategy and Conscience , 1964 .

[22]  Sabrina M. Tom,et al.  The Neural Basis of Loss Aversion in Decision-Making Under Risk , 2007, Science.

[23]  A. Tversky,et al.  Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk — Source link , 2007 .

[24]  C. Athena Aktipis,et al.  Recognition Memory and the Evolution of Cooperation: How Simple Strategies Succeed in an Agent-Based World , 2006, Adapt. Behav..

[25]  A. Tversky,et al.  Thinking through uncertainty: Nonconsequential reasoning and choice , 1992, Cognitive Psychology.

[26]  A. Tversky,et al.  Prospect theory: analysis of decision under risk , 1979 .

[27]  P. Richerson,et al.  The evolution of reciprocity in sizable groups. , 1988, Journal of theoretical biology.

[28]  A. Tversky,et al.  Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty , 1992 .

[29]  Karthik Panchanathan,et al.  A tale of two defectors: the importance of standing for evolution of indirect reciprocity. , 2003, Journal of theoretical biology.