Direct electron transfer and bioelectrocatalysis of hemoglobin at a carbon nanotube electrode.

A stable suspension of carbon nanotube (CNT) can be obtained by dispersing the CNT in the solution of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. CNT has promotion effects on the direct electron transfer of hemoglobin (Hb), which was immobilized onto the surface of CNT. The direct electron transfer rate of Hb was greatly enhanced after it was immobilized onto the surface of CNT. Cyclic voltammetric results showed a pair of well-defined redox peaks, which corresponded to the direct electron transfer of Hb, with the formal potential (E(0('))) at about -0.343V (vs. saturated calomel electrode) in the phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.8). The electrochemical parameters such as apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k(s)) and the value of formal potential (E(0('))) were estimated. The dependence of E(0(')) on solution pH indicated that the direct electron transfer reaction of Hb is a one-electron transfer coupled with a one-proton transfer reaction process. The experimental results also demonstrated that the immobilized Hb retained its bioelectrocatalytic activity to the reduction of H(2)O(2). The electrocatalytic current was proportional to the concentration of H(2)O(2) at least up to 20mM.

[1]  J. Rusling.  Enzyme Bioelectrochemistry in Cast Biomembrane-Like Films , 1998 .

[2]  T. Ebbesen,et al.  Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Lipid Derivatives on Carbon Nanotubes , 2003, Science.

[3]  L. Gorton,et al.  Direct electron transfer between heme-containing enzymes and electrodes as basis for third generation biosensors , 1999 .

[4]  Jason E. Riggs,et al.  Strong Luminescence of Solubilized Carbon Nanotubes , 2000 .

[5]  W. Xing,et al.  Direct electrochemistry and bioelectrocatalysis of horseradish peroxidase immobilized on active carbon , 2004 .

[6]  Itamar Willner,et al.  "Plugging into Enzymes": Nanowiring of Redox Enzymes by a Gold Nanoparticle , 2003, Science.

[7]  Jianchun Bao,et al.  Electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH at an ordered carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode , 2004 .

[8]  R. Smalley,et al.  Reversible water-solubilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes by polymer wrapping , 2001 .

[9]  W. Schuhmann,et al.  Minizymes. A new strategy for the development of reagentless amperometric biosensors based on direct electron-transfer processes , 1997 .

[10]  James F. Rusling,et al.  Electroactive Myoglobin Films Grown Layer-by-Layer with Poly(styrenesulfonate) on Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes , 2000 .

[11]  F. Armstrong.  Insights from protein film voltammetry into mechanisms of complex biological electron-transfer reactions , 2002 .

[12]  Yuehe Lin,et al.  Solubilization of carbon nanotubes by Nafion toward the preparation of amperometric biosensors. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[13]  V. C. Moore,et al.  Band Gap Fluorescence from Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes , 2002, Science.

[14]  Aimin Yu,et al.  Direct electron transfer and characterization of hemoglobin immobilized on a Au colloid-cysteamine-modified gold electrode , 2001 .

[15]  H. Hill,et al.  Direct and indirect electron transfer between electrodes and redox proteins. , 1988, European journal of biochemistry.

[16]  G. S. Wilson,et al.  Recent developments in faradaic bioelectrochemistry , 2000 .

[17]  Katz,et al.  Integration of Layered Redox Proteins and Conductive Supports for Bioelectronic Applications. , 2000, Angewandte Chemie.

[18]  Peter Beighton,et al.  de la Chapelle, A. , 1997 .

[19]  N. Hu,et al.  Electroactive hemoglobin-surfactant-polymer biomembrane-like films. , 1999, Bioelectrochemistry and bioenergetics.

[20]  Hongyun Liu,et al.  Heme protein-gluten films: voltammetric studies and their electrocatalytic properties , 2003 .

[21]  Shaojun Dong,et al.  Direct electron transfer between hemoglobin and a glassy carbon electrode facilitated by lipid-protected gold nanoparticles. , 2002, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[22]  J. Rusling,et al.  Enhanced electron transfer for hemoglobin in poly (ester sulfonic acid) films on pyrolytic graphite electrodes , 1999 .

[23]  Jenny Emnéus,et al.  Peroxidase-modified electrodes: Fundamentals and application , 1996 .

[24]  Edgar Muñoz,et al.  Controlled assembly of carbon nanotubes by designed amphiphilic Peptide helices. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[25]  R. Baldwin,et al.  Catalytic reduction of myoglobin and hemoglobin at chemically modified electrodes containing methylene blue. , 1988, Analytical chemistry.

[26]  R S Wade,et al.  Oxidation of heme proteins by alkyl halides. , 1973, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[27]  J. Fraser Stoddart,et al.  Preparation and Properties of Polymer-Wrapped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes , 2001 .

[28]  E. Laviron.  General expression of the linear potential sweep voltammogram in the case of diffusionless electrochemical systems , 1979 .

[29]  Yuehe Lin,et al.  Low-potential stable NADH detection at carbon-nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrodes , 2002 .

[30]  Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on the electron transfer reactivity of hemoglobin. , 2001, Bioelectrochemistry.

[31]  Qionglin Liang,et al.  Carbon nanotube-intercalated graphite electrodes for simultaneous determination of dopamine and serotonin in the presence of ascorbic acid , 2003 .

[32]  G. S. Wilson,et al.  Rotating ring-disk enzyme electrode for biocatalysis kinetic studies and characterization of the immobilized enzyme layer , 1980 .

[33]  J. Zagal,et al.  Electrocatalysis of nitric oxide reduction by hemoglobin entrapped in surfactant films , 2001 .

[34]  Frieder W. Scheller,et al.  Electron transfer of hemoglobin at electrodes modified with colloidal clay nanoparticles , 2002, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[35]  G Li,et al.  Electron-transfer reactivity and enzymatic activity of hemoglobin in a SP Sephadex membrane. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[36]  Leonard M Tender,et al.  A reagentless electrochemical biosensor based on a protein scaffold. , 2003, Chemical communications.

[37]  Xiaole Chen,et al.  Ordered Electrochemically Active Films of Hemoglobin, Didodecyldimethylammonium Ions, and Clay , 1999 .

[38]  Kondo‐François Aguey‐Zinsou,et al.  Direct electrochemistry of a bacterial sulfite dehydrogenase. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[39]  Zhennan Gu,et al.  Direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c at a glassy carbon electrode modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[40]  C. R. Martin,et al.  Effect of hydrophobic interactions on the rates of ionic diffusion in nafion films at electrode surfaces , 1983 .

[41]  L. Wang,et al.  Direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin in layer-by-layer films with poly(vinyl sulfonate) grown on pyrolytic graphite electrodes. , 2001, Bioelectrochemistry.

[42]  Kondo‐François Aguey‐Zinsou,et al.  Electrochemistry of P450cin: new insights into P450 electron transfer. , 2003, Chemical communications.

[43]  S. Elliott,et al.  A voltammetric study of interdomain electron transfer within sulfite oxidase. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[44]  W. K. Maser,et al.  Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique , 1997, Nature.

[45]  Hong Sun,et al.  Direct Electrochemistry of Hemoglobin in Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Films on Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes , 2000 .

[46]  N. Hu,et al.  Direct electron transfer for hemoglobin in biomembrane-like dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine films on pyrolytic graphite electrodes. , 1999, Bioelectrochemistry and bioenergetics.

[47]  Allen J. Bard,et al.  Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications , 1980 .

[48]  J. Schenkman,et al.  Direct electron injection from electrodes to cytochromeP450cam in biomembrane-like films , 1997 .

[49]  D E Reed,et al.  Direct electron transfer reactions of cytochrome c at silver electrodes. , 1987, Analytical chemistry.

[50]  F. Armstrong,et al.  Direct electrochemistry of redox proteins , 1988 .