Design, concepts, and applications of electromagnetic metasurfaces

Abstract The paper overviews our recent work on the synthesis of metasurfaces and related concepts and applications. The synthesis is based on generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs) with a bianisotropic surface susceptibility tensor model of the metasurface structure. We first place metasurfaces in a proper historical context and describe the GSTC technique with some fundamental susceptibility tensor considerations. On this basis, we next provide an in-depth development of our susceptibility-GSTC synthesis technique. Finally, we present five recent metasurface concepts and applications, which cover the topics of birefringent transformations, bianisotropic refraction, light emission enhancement, remote spatial processing, and nonlinear second-harmonic generation.

[1]  Hatem Rmili,et al.  Dielectric Resonator Metasurface for Dispersion Engineering , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[2]  C. Pfeiffer,et al.  Metamaterial Huygens' surfaces: tailoring wave fronts with reflectionless sheets. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[3]  George V. Eleftheriades,et al.  Arbitrary Power-Conserving Field Transformations With Passive Lossless Omega-Type Bianisotropic Metasurfaces , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[4]  M. Berry,et al.  Dislocations in wave trains , 1974, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[5]  F. Medina,et al.  Spatial Angular Filtering by FSSs Made of Chains of Interconnected SRRs and CSRRs , 2013, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[6]  Qun Wu,et al.  A Novel Four-Face Polarization Twister Based on Three-Dimensional Magnetic Toroidal Dipoles , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[7]  J. Stangel.  The thinned lens approach to phased array design , 1965 .

[8]  Yichen Shen,et al.  Metamaterial broadband angular selectivity , 2014, 2014 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) - Laser Science to Photonic Applications.

[9]  Ismo V. Lindell,et al.  Electromagnetic Waves in Chiral and Bi-Isotropic Media , 1994 .

[10]  Shin‐Tson Wu,et al.  Wiley Series in Pure and Applied Optics , 2012 .

[11]  S. Tretyakov,et al.  Determining polarizability tensors for an arbitrary small electromagnetic scatterer , 2014, 1401.4930.

[12]  A. Kildishev,et al.  Planar Photonics with Metasurfaces , 2013, Science.

[13]  Generation of Vortex Beams with Strong Longitudinally Polarized Magnetic Field by Using a Metasurface , 2014, 1409.3547.

[14]  Christophe Caloz,et al.  Manipulating light at distance by a metasurface using momentum transformation. , 2013, Optics express.

[15]  Sergei A. Tretyakov,et al.  Electromagnetics of bi-anisotropic materials: Theory and applications , 2001 .

[16]  Anthony Grbic,et al.  Controlling Vector Bessel Beams with Metasurfaces , 2014 .

[17]  Julien Jaeck,et al.  Plasmonic planar antenna for wideband and efficient linear polarization conversion , 2014 .

[18]  A. Sihvola,et al.  Perfect Co-Circular Polarization Reflector: A Class of Reciprocal Perfect Conductors With Total Co-Circular Polarization Reflection , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[19]  Xiaoliang Ma,et al.  Dual-band 90° polarization rotator using twisted split ring resonators array , 2013 .

[20]  D. Smith,et al.  One-way glass for microwaves using nonreciprocal metamaterials. , 2014, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[21]  Jinghua Teng,et al.  Monolayer graphene photonic metastructures: Giant Faraday rotation and nearly perfect transmission , 2013 .

[22]  Christopher L. Holloway,et al.  Sub-wavelength resonators: on the use of metafilms to overcome the λ size limit , 2008 .

[23]  Zhen Tian,et al.  Efficient flat metasurface lens for terahertz imaging. , 2014, Optics express.

[24]  S. Maci,et al.  Metasurfing: Addressing Waves on Impenetrable Metasurfaces , 2011, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[25]  M. Veysi,et al.  Vortex beams with strong longitudinally polarized magnetic field and their generation by using metasurfaces , 2015 .

[26]  Shan-Shan Jiang,et al.  Controlling the Polarization State of Light with a Dispersion-Free Metastructure , 2014 .

[27]  C. Holloway,et al.  Averaged transition conditions for electromagnetic fields at a metafilm , 2003 .

[28]  Sungjoon Lim,et al.  Polarization-Independent and Ultrawideband Metamaterial Absorber Using a Hexagonal Artificial Impedance Surface and a Resistor-Capacitor Layer , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[29]  M. A. Salem,et al.  Metasurface Synthesis for Time-Harmonic Waves: Exact Spectral and Spatial Methods (Invited Paper) , 2014 .

[30]  M. Idemen.  Discontinuities in the Electromagnetic Field , 2011 .

[31]  Y. Kivshar,et al.  Polarization properties of optical metasurfaces of different symmetries , 2015 .

[32]  Anders Pors,et al.  Analog computing using reflective plasmonic metasurfaces. , 2015, Nano letters.

[33]  D. Sievenpiper,et al.  Scalar and Tensor Holographic Artificial Impedance Surfaces , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[34]  Kun Song,et al.  A frequency-tunable 90°-polarization rotation device using composite chiral metamaterials , 2013 .

[35]  Andrea Alù,et al.  Performing Mathematical Operations with Metamaterials , 2014, Science.

[36]  David R. Smith,et al.  An Overview of the Theory and Applications of Metasurfaces: The Two-Dimensional Equivalents of Metamaterials , 2012, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[37]  J. Encinar,et al.  Reflectarray antennas , 2007, Developments in Antenna Analysis and Design: Volume 2.

[38]  David R. Smith,et al.  Metamaterial microwave holographic imaging system. , 2014, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[39]  Christophe Caloz,et al.  Synthesis of electromagnetic metasurfaces: principles and illustrations , 2015, 1510.05997.

[40]  C. Caloz,et al.  Electromagnetic Modeling of a Magnetless Nonreciprocal Gyrotropic Metasurface , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[41]  A. E. Martynyuk,et al.  A Multilayer Circular Polarizer Based on Bisected Split-Ring Frequency Selective Surfaces , 2014, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[42]  Anthony Grbic,et al.  An analytical investigation of near-field plates , 2010 .

[43]  Microstrip disc element reflect array , 1978 .

[44]  N. Yu,et al.  Flat optics with designer metasurfaces. , 2014, Nature materials.

[45]  C. Hendrix,et al.  The zone plate as a radio-frequency focusing element , 1961 .

[46]  Christophe Caloz,et al.  Artificial Faraday rotation using a ring metamaterial structure without static magnetic field , 2011 .

[47]  C. Holloway,et al.  A discussion on the interpretation and characterization of metafilms/metasurfaces: The two-dimensional equivalent of metamaterials , 2009 .

[48]  Erez Hasman,et al.  Dielectric gradient metasurface optical elements , 2014, Science.

[49]  N. Litchinitser,et al.  Spinning light on the nanoscale. , 2014, Nano letters.

[50]  D. Pozar.  Flat lens antenna concept using aperture coupled microstrip patches , 1996 .

[51]  D. Berry,et al.  The reflectarray antenna , 1963 .

[52]  George V. Eleftheriades,et al.  Design of unit cells and demonstration of methods for synthesizing Huygens metasurfaces , 2014 .

[53]  Christophe Caloz,et al.  Mathematical synthesis and analysis of a second-order magneto-electrically nonlinear metasurface. , 2017, Optics express.

[54]  S. Tretyakov,et al.  Angularly-independent Huygens' metasurfaces , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting.

[55]  Masao Kitano,et al.  Plane-wave scattering by self-complementary metasurfaces in terms of electromagnetic duality and Babinet's principle , 2013, 1311.3839.

[56]  M. Sinclair,et al.  Group-theory approach to tailored electromagnetic properties of metamaterials: an inverse-problem solution. , 2010, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[57]  Yuri S. Kivshar,et al.  Functional and nonlinear optical metasurfaces , 2015 .

[58]  Andrea Alù,et al.  Optical metasurfaces with robust angular response on flexible substrates , 2011 .

[59]  Muharrem Karaaslan,et al.  Polarization Angle Independent Perfect Metamaterial Absorbers for Solar Cell Applications in the Microwave, Infrared, and Visible Regime , 2014 .

[60]  Guoxing Zheng,et al.  Metasurface holograms reaching 80% efficiency. , 2015, Nature nanotechnology.

[61]  P. Genevet,et al.  Multiwavelength achromatic metasurfaces by dispersive phase compensation , 2014, Science.

[62]  M. A. Salem,et al.  Electromagnetic metasurface performing up to four independent wave transformations , 2015, 2015 IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements & Applications (CAMA).

[63]  Lin Wu,et al.  Circular polarization converters based on bi-layered asymmetrical split ring metamaterials , 2014 .

[65]  C. Caloz,et al.  Metasurface Solar Sail for flexible Radiation Pressure Control , 2017, 1710.02837.

[66]  Anthony Grbic,et al.  Efficient light bending with isotropic metamaterial Huygens' surfaces. , 2014, Nano letters.

[67]  S. Tretyakov,et al.  Synthesis of Polarization Transformers , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[68]  Hai‐feng Zhang,et al.  Novel triple-band polarization-insensitive wide-angle ultra-thin microwave metamaterial absorber , 2013 .

[69]  D. W. Berreman,et al.  Optics in Stratified and Anisotropic Media: 4×4-Matrix Formulation , 1972 .

[70]  Andrea Alù,et al.  Giant nonlinear response from plasmonic metasurfaces coupled to intersubband transitions , 2014, Nature.

[71]  C. Caloz,et al.  Electromagnetic nonreciprocity and gyrotropy of graphene , 2011 .

[72]  D. McGrath.  Planar three-dimensional constrained lenses , 1986 .

[73]  Qingxin Yang,et al.  Influence Factors Analysis and Improvement Method on Efficiency of Wireless Power Transfer Via Coupled Magnetic Resonance , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[74]  Atef Z. Elsherbeni,et al.  Transmitarray Antenna Design Using Cross-Slot Elements With No Dielectric Substrate , 2014, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[75]  Sergei A. Tretyakov,et al.  Tailoring Reflections From Thin Composite Metamirrors , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[76]  G. Eleftheriades,et al.  Passive Lossless Huygens Metasurfaces for Conversion of Arbitrary Source Field to Directive Radiation , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[77]  S A Tretyakov,et al.  Functional metamirrors using bianisotropic elements. , 2015, Physical review letters.

[78]  S. A. Tretyakov,et al.  Total Absorption of Electromagnetic Waves in Ultimately Thin Layers , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[79]  A. Prata,et al.  Layered lens antennas , 2001, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 2001 Digest. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting (Cat. No.01CH37229).

[80]  Eleftherios N. Economou,et al.  Flexible chiral metamaterials in the terahertz regime: a comparative study of various designs , 2012 .

[81]  Da-Gang Fang,et al.  An FSS Structure With Geometrically Separable Meander-Line Inductors and Parallel-Plate Capacitors , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[82]  J. P. Montgomery.  A microstrip reflectarray antenna element , 1978 .

[83]  George V. Eleftheriades,et al.  Reflectionless Wide-Angle Refracting Metasurfaces , 2016, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[84]  T. Verbiest,et al.  Nonlinear Superchiral Meta-Surfaces: Tuning Chirality and Disentangling Non-Reciprocity at the Nanoscale , 2014, Advanced materials.

[85]  A. Arbabi,et al.  Dielectric metasurfaces for complete control of phase and polarization with subwavelength spatial resolution and high transmission. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[86]  N. Yu,et al.  Light Propagation with Phase Discontinuities: Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction , 2011, Science.

[87]  Eric Plum,et al.  Coherent control of Snell's law at metasurfaces. , 2014, Optics express.

[88]  Jianfeng Dong,et al.  An ultra-thin chiral metamaterial absorber with high selectivity for LCP and RCP waves , 2014 .

[89]  C. Pfeiffer,et al.  Generating stable tractor beams with dielectric metasurfaces , 2015 .

[90]  Yeongming Hwang,et al.  Implementation of transmitarray antenna concept by using aperture-coupled microstrip patches , 1997, Proceedings of 1997 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference.

[91]  Christophe Caloz,et al.  Computational Analysis of Metasurfaces , 2017, IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques.

[92]  G. Aeppli,et al.  Planar broadband and high absorption metamaterial using single nested resonator at terahertz frequencies. , 2014, Optics letters.

[93]  M. Albooyeh,et al.  Electromagnetic characterization of bianisotropic metasurfaces on refractive substrates: General theoretical framework , 2015, 1511.02952.

[94]  Christophe Caloz,et al.  Metasurface Spatial Processor for Electromagnetic Remote Control , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[95]  D. Kwon,et al.  Normal vs tangential polarizations in metasurfaces , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting.

[96]  Christophe Caloz,et al.  Refracting Metasurfaces without Spurious Diffraction , 2017, 1705.09286.

[97]  N. Engheta,et al.  Sub-Wavelength Resonators: On the use of Metafilms to Overcome the λ/2 size limit , 2008 .

[98]  Anthony Grbic,et al.  Near-Field Plates: Subdiffraction Focusing with Patterned Surfaces , 2008, Science.

[99]  S. Tretyakov,et al.  Metasurfaces: From microwaves to visible , 2016 .

[100]  Christophe Caloz,et al.  General Metasurface Synthesis Based on Susceptibility Tensors , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[101]  Anthony Grbic,et al.  Bianisotropic Metasurfaces for Optimal Polarization Control: Analysis and Synthesis , 2014 .

[102]  Anthony Grbic,et al.  Planar Near-Field Plates , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[103]  Christophe Caloz,et al.  Nonreciprocal Nongyrotropic Magnetless Metasurface , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[104]  Peter J. Kahrilas,et al.  HAPDAR—An operational phased array radar , 1968 .

[105]  V. Asadchy.  Simulation of the electromagnetic properties of helices with optimal shape, which provides radiation of a circularly polarized wave , 2011 .

[106]  C. Pfeiffer,et al.  Millimeter-Wave Transmitarrays for Wavefront and Polarization Control , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[107]  S. Wen,et al.  Generation of cylindrical vector vortex beams by two cascaded metasurfaces. , 2014, Optics express.

[108]  Hongyu Shi,et al.  Gradient Metasurface With Both Polarization-Controlled Directional Surface Wave Coupling and Anomalous Reflection , 2015, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[109]  A. Petosa,et al.  Thin Microwave Quasi-Transparent Phase-Shifting Surface (PSS) , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[110]  Steven G. Johnson,et al.  Optical Broadband Angular Selectivity , 2014, Science.

[111]  A. Dienstfrey,et al.  A Physical Explanation of Angle-Independent Reflection and Transmission Properties of Metafilms/Metasurfaces , 2009, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[112]  D. Seetharamdoo,et al.  Phase-compensated metasurface for a conformal microwave antenna , 2013 .

[113]  Zhongxiang Shen,et al.  An overview of three-dimensional frequency-selective structures , 2014, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[114]  David R. Smith,et al.  Metamaterial apertures for coherent computational imaging on the physical layer. , 2013, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[115]  Horace Lamb,et al.  On the Reflection and Transmission of Electric Waves by a Metallic Grating , 2010 .

[116]  S. Tretyakov,et al.  Perfect magnetic mirror and simple perfect absorber in the visible spectrum , 2015 .

[117]  Federico Capasso,et al.  Breakthroughs in Photonics 2013: Flat Optics: Wavefronts Control With Huygens' Interfaces , 2014, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[118]  Qihuang Gong,et al.  Active control of chirality in nonlinear metamaterials , 2015 .

[119]  Sergei Tretyakov,et al.  One-way transparent sheets , 2013, 1310.4586.

[120]  C. Caloz,et al.  Comparison of two synthesis methods for birefringent metasurfaces , 2016 .

[121]  Federico Capasso,et al.  Nanostructured holograms for broadband manipulation of vector beams. , 2013, Nano letters.

[122]  Xiaojun Huang,et al.  Multiple‐band reflective polarization converter based on complementary L‐shaped metamaterial , 2015 .

[123]  Ben A. Munk,et al.  Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design , 2000 .

[124]  Ebrahim Karimi,et al.  Generating optical orbital angular momentum at visible wavelengths using a plasmonic metasurface , 2014, Light: Science & Applications.

[125]  Claudia Felser,et al.  Electronic structure of Pt based topological Heusler compounds with C1b structure and zero band gap , 2011 .

[126]  David R. Smith,et al.  Metamaterial Apertures for Computational Imaging , 2013, Science.

[127]  Cheng Zhang,et al.  High performance bianisotropic metasurfaces: asymmetric transmission of light. , 2014, Physical review letters.

[128]  Vladimir M. Shalaev,et al.  Bianisotropic Effective Parameters of Optical Metamagnetics and Negative-Index Materials , 2011, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[129]  G. Eleftheriades,et al.  Polarization Control Using Tensor Huygens Surfaces , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[130]  Alexander Krasnok,et al.  Towards all-dielectric metamaterials and nanophotonics , 2015, Europe Optics + Optoelectronics.