Environmental Impact Assessment as a planning tool

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process is examined in the light of planning and decision-making theory and found to have three important shortcomings. First, it does not encourage monitoring and modification of environmental-protection measures, but relies on uncertain predictions. Second, there is a mismatch between the needs of the proponent and those of reviewers. And, third, land-use planning is an essential prerequisite for effective EIA. The Management Programme approach used in Western Australia, and the integrated planning and assessment legislation in New South Wales are described, and proposals for a more-satisfactory system outlined.