8‐Methoxypsoralen and Longwave Ultraviolet Irradiation Are a Novel Antiproliferative Combination for Vascular Smooth Muscle

BackgroundSmooth muscle cell proliferation plays a major role in the genesis of restenosis after angioplasty or vascular injury. Although the effects of arterial exposure to high-energy radiation sources such as laser have been investigated in detail, the effects on vascular cells of low-intensity radiant energy in combination with photoactive agents have not been extensively characterized. Psoralens are photoactive agents that are known to be well tolerated when used in conjunction with local exposure to ultraviolet light in the A band (UVA) for the treatment of various dermatologic proliferative disorders. Methods and ResultsWe have investigated the effects of psoralen/UVA (PUVA) exposure on the proliferation of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells. Proliferation and viability were assessed over a 14-day period by trypan blue exclusion counts. Cell cycle effects were evaluated by thymidine incorporation and flow cytometry with DNA quantitation after addition of serum or platelet-derived growth factor B-chain (PDGF-BB) to subconfluent cells synchronized by serum withdrawal. No effect was observed after exposure to 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) at concentrations up to 10 μM or UVA irradiation at energies up to 2.5 J/cm2. Longwave ultraviolet light and 8-MOP were found to behave synergistically as potent inhibitors of DNA synthesis in bovine aortic smooth muscle cells with the EC50 in combination ranging from 7 μM at 0.35 J/cm2 to 0.2 μM at 2.1 J/cm2. Similar antiproliferative effects were obtained by an inverse variation of dose and energy delivered. After serum stimulation, inhibition of DNA synthesis was found with either an immediate or delayed (16-hour) application of PUVA. This effect was independent of subsequent 8-MOP washout. Flow cytometry of cells treated with PUVA at several times after serum stimulation demonstrated for each time point a block in further cell cycle progression for cells in all phases of the cell cycle. Evaluation of [125I]-labeled PDGF and epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding revealed no effect of PUVA on the apparent number or affinity of PDGF binding sites present but did reveal a dose-dependent inhibition by PUVA of EGF binding. This inhibition of EGF binding occurred increasingly at higher PUVA doses than the cell cycle inhibition and accordingly did not appear to represent a critical mechanism for the antiproliferative effect. Cell counting after a single exposure to PUVA (1 μM, 1.5 J/cm2) revealed complete stasis of cell proliferation over a 28-day period without recurrent exposure. No increase in trypan-positive cells was noted over this period. ConclusionsPUVA treatment represents a novel method for locally inhibiting proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells without producing cytolysis.

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