CARER: Contextualized Affect Representations for Emotion Recognition

Emotions are expressed in nuanced ways, which varies by collective or individual experiences, knowledge, and beliefs. Therefore, to understand emotion, as conveyed through text, a robust mechanism capable of capturing and modeling different linguistic nuances and phenomena is needed. We propose a semi-supervised, graph-based algorithm to produce rich structural descriptors which serve as the building blocks for constructing contextualized affect representations from text. The pattern-based representations are further enriched with word embeddings and evaluated through several emotion recognition tasks. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art techniques on emotion recognition tasks.

[1]  Anand Rajaraman,et al.  Mining of Massive Datasets , 2011 .

[2]  Claudiu Cristian Musat,et al.  Fine-Grained Emotion Recognition in Olympic Tweets Based on Human Computation , 2013, WASSA@NAACL-HLT.

[3]  Sanda M. Harabagiu,et al.  EmpaTweet: Annotating and Detecting Emotions on Twitter , 2012, LREC.

[4]  Din J. Wasem Mining of Massive Datasets , 2014 .

[5]  Nina Wacholder,et al.  Identifying Sarcasm in Twitter: A Closer Look , 2011, ACL.

[6]  Xiang Zhang,et al.  Character-level Convolutional Networks for Text Classification , 2015, NIPS.

[7]  Yi-Shin Chen,et al.  Subconscious Crowdsourcing: A feasible data collection mechanism for mental disorder detection on social media , 2016, 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM).

[8]  Geoffrey E. Hinton,et al.  Rectified Linear Units Improve Restricted Boltzmann Machines , 2010, ICML.

[9]  Jean Ponce,et al.  A Theoretical Analysis of Feature Pooling in Visual Recognition , 2010, ICML.

[10]  P. Ekman An argument for basic emotions , 1992 .

[11]  Preslav Nakov,et al.  SemEval-2016 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter , 2016, *SEMEVAL.

[12]  Karin Becker,et al.  Multilingual emotion classification using supervised learning: Comparative experiments , 2017, Inf. Process. Manag..

[13]  Cindy K. Chung,et al.  The Psychological Functions of Function Words , 2007 .

[14]  Carlo Strapparava,et al.  WordNet Affect: an Affective Extension of WordNet , 2004, LREC.

[15]  Yi-Shin Chen,et al.  EmoViz: Mining the world's interest through emotion analysis , 2015, 2015 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM).

[16]  Jimmy Ba,et al.  Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization , 2014, ICLR.

[17]  Svitlana Volkova,et al.  Inferring Perceived Demographics from User Emotional Tone and User-Environment Emotional Contrast , 2016, ACL.

[18]  Saif Mohammad,et al.  #Emotional Tweets , 2012, *SEMEVAL.

[19]  R. Plutchik Human emotions have deep evolutionary roots, a fact that may explain their complexity and provide tools for clinical practice , 2016 .

[20]  Nitish Srivastava,et al.  Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors , 2012, ArXiv.

[21]  Jeffrey Dean,et al.  Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space , 2013, ICLR.

[22]  Muhammad Abdul-Mageed,et al.  EmoNet: Fine-Grained Emotion Detection with Gated Recurrent Neural Networks , 2017, ACL.

[23]  David Yarowsky,et al.  Exploring Sentiment in Social Media: Bootstrapping Subjectivity Clues from Multilingual Twitter Streams , 2013, ACL.

[24]  Iyad Rahwan,et al.  Using millions of emoji occurrences to learn any-domain representations for detecting sentiment, emotion and sarcasm , 2017, EMNLP.

[25]  Yi-Shin Chen,et al.  Unsupervised graph-based pattern extraction for multilingual emotion classification , 2016, Social Network Analysis and Mining.

[26]  Yi-Shin Chen,et al.  MIDAS: Mental illness detection and analysis via social media , 2016, 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM).

[27]  John Blitzer,et al.  Biographies, Bollywood, Boom-boxes and Blenders: Domain Adaptation for Sentiment Classification , 2007, ACL.

[28]  Jonathon Read,et al.  Using Emoticons to Reduce Dependency in Machine Learning Techniques for Sentiment Classification , 2005, ACL.

[29]  Ellen Riloff,et al.  Bootstrapped Learning of Emotion Hashtags #hashtags4you , 2013, WASSA@NAACL-HLT.

[30]  Sandra M. Aluísio,et al.  Enriching Complex Networks with Word Embeddings for Detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment from Speech Transcripts , 2017, ACL.

[31]  Yoon Kim,et al.  Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Classification , 2014, EMNLP.

[32]  Nancy Ide,et al.  Distant Supervision for Emotion Classification with Discrete Binary Values , 2013, CICLing.

[33]  J. H. Ward Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function , 1963 .

[34]  Thomas Hofmann,et al.  Leveraging Large Amounts of Weakly Supervised Data for Multi-Language Sentiment Classification , 2017, WWW.

[35]  Gaël Varoquaux,et al.  Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python , 2011, J. Mach. Learn. Res..

[36]  Tomas Mikolov,et al.  Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Information , 2016, TACL.

[37]  Erik Cambria,et al.  Convolutional MKL Based Multimodal Emotion Recognition and Sentiment Analysis , 2016, 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM).

[38]  Saif Mohammad,et al.  Using Hashtags to Capture Fine Emotion Categories from Tweets , 2015, Comput. Intell..

[39]  Ayu Purwarianti,et al.  Emotion classification on youtube comments using word embedding , 2017, 2017 International Conference on Advanced Informatics, Concepts, Theory, and Applications (ICAICTA).

[40]  Amit P. Sheth,et al.  Harnessing Twitter "Big Data" for Automatic Emotion Identification , 2012, 2012 International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2012 International Confernece on Social Computing.

[41]  James W. Pennebaker,et al.  Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC2007) , 2007 .