Spectral Analysis of Impact Shock during Running

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of increasing impact shock levels on the spectral characteristics of impact shock and impact shock wave attenuation in the body during treadmill running. Twelve male subjects ran at 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 m s−1 on a treadmill. Axial accelerations of the shank and head were measured using low-mass accelerometers. The typical shank acceleration power spectrum contained two major components which corresponded to the active (5–8 Hz) and impact (12–20 Hz) phases of the time-domain ground reaction force. Both the amplitude and frequency of leg shock transients increased with increasing running speed. Greatest attenuation of the shock transmitted to the head occurred in the 15–50 Hz range. Attenuation increased with increasing running speed. Thus transmission of the impact shock wave to the head was limited, despite large increases in impact shock at the lower extremity.

[1]  T P Andriacchi,et al.  Walking speed as a basis for normal and abnormal gait measurements. , 1977, Journal of biomechanics.

[2]  M. Chu,et al.  An in vitro simulation study of impulsive force transmission along the lower skeletal extremity. , 1986, Journal of biomechanics.

[3]  R M Alexander,et al.  Fourier analysis of forces exerted in walking and running. , 1980, Journal of biomechanics.

[4]  A. Voloshin,et al.  An in vivo study of low back pain and shock absorption in the human locomotor system. , 1982, Journal of biomechanics.

[5]  A. Voloshin,et al.  Wave attenuation in skeletons of young healthy persons. , 1981, Journal of biomechanics.

[6]  E. Frederick,et al.  Factors Affecting Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Forces in Running , 1986 .

[7]  D. I. Miller,et al.  Ground reaction forces in running: a reexamination. , 1987, Journal of biomechanics.

[8]  Edward C. Frederick,et al.  Hematological Variations After Endurance Running With Hard-and Soft-Soled Running Shoes. , 1983, The Physician and sportsmedicine.

[9]  D J Pratt,et al.  Skeletal transients during heel and toe strike running and the effectiveness of some materials in their attenuation. , 1988, Clinical biomechanics.

[10]  D. Detmer.  Chronic Shin Splints , 1986 .

[11]  R M Rose,et al.  The response of joints to impact loading. II. In vivo behavior of subchondral bone. , 1972, Journal of biomechanics.

[12]  G. Maclellan,et al.  Management of subcalcaneal pain and Achilles tendonitis with heel inserts , 1981 .

[13]  J. C. Ziegert,et al.  The Effect of Soft Tissue on Measurements of Vibrational Bone Motion by Skin-Mounted Accelerometers , 1979 .

[14]  J E Smeathers,et al.  Measurement of transmissibility for the human spine during walking and running. , 1989, Clinical biomechanics.

[15]  E. Frederick.  Kinematically mediated effects of sport shoe design: a review. , 1986, Journal of sports sciences.

[16]  L. B. Cooper,et al.  Effects of Shoe Cushioning Upon Ground Reaction Forces in Running , 1983, International journal of sports medicine.

[17]  E. Howley,et al.  EFFECTS OF GRADE RUNNING ON KINEMATICS AND IMPACT FORCE , 1984 .

[18]  VENTILATORY CONTRIBUTIONS TO SHOCK ATTENUATION , 1984 .

[19]  R. Pate,et al.  Foot Impact Force and Intravascular Hemolysis During Distance Running , 1987, International journal of sports medicine.

[20]  S Saha,et al.  The effect of soft tissue on wave-propagation and vibration tests for determining the in vivo properties of bone. , 1977, Journal of biomechanics.

[21]  L. Klenerman,et al.  Skeletal transients on heel strike in normal walking with different footwear. , 1980, Journal of biomechanics.

[22]  J. Dickinson,et al.  The measurement of shock waves following heel strike while running. , 1985, Journal of biomechanics.

[23]  Ronald B. Orr,et al.  Effect of prolonged walking on concrete on the knees of sheep. , 1982, Journal of biomechanics.

[24]  R. Nelson,et al.  The shock attenuation role of the ankle during landing from a vertical jump. , 1988, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[25]  L. B. Cooper,et al.  FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF SHOE CUSHIONING ON DYNAMIC SHOCK IN RUNNING , 1986 .

[26]  A Simkin,et al.  A Prospective Study of the Effect of a Shock-Absorbing Orthotic Device on the Incidence of Stress Fractures in Military Recruits , 1985, Foot & ankle.

[27]  J. Hamill,et al.  Variations in ground reaction force parameters at different running speeds , 1983 .