L Ryom, C Sabin, P Reiss, W El-Sadr, A D’Arminio Monforte, S De Wit, M Law, O Kirk, A Mocroft, C Smith, C Pradier, F Dabis, R Weber, AN Phillips and JD Lundgren for the D:A:D Study group 1CHIP, Dept of Infectious Diseases, Section 2100, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 2Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; 3Academic Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 4ICAP-Columbia University and Harlem Hospital, New York, United States; 5Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Clinica di Malattie Infectitive e Tropicali, Azienda Ospedaliera-Polo Universitario San Paolo, Milan Italy; 6CHU Saint-Pierre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Brussels, Belgium; 7The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; 8 Department of Public Health, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France; 9Universite Bordeaux Segalen, INSERM U 897, and Epidemiologie-Biostatistique ,CHU de Bordeaux, France; 10Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland