Information processing and PTSD: a review of the empirical literature.

[1]  James L. McGaugh,et al.  Stress and glucocorticoids impair retrieval of long-term spatial memory , 1998, Nature.

[2]  A. Ehlers,et al.  Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. , 1998, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[3]  C. G. Watson,et al.  The relationships between premilitary school record data and risk for posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam war veterans. , 1998, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[4]  S. Orr,et al.  Lower precombat intelligence is a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1998, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[5]  Richard A. Bryant,et al.  Attentional Bias in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , 1997 .

[6]  G Wiedemann,et al.  Behavioral and neurophysiological evidence for altered processing of anxiety-related words in panic disorder. , 1997, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[7]  J. Vasterling,et al.  Assessment of Intellectual Resources in Gulf War Veterans: Relationship to PTSD , 1997 .

[8]  R. Bronen,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse—a preliminary report , 1997, Biological Psychiatry.

[9]  E. Blanchard,et al.  A prospective examination of delayed onset PTSD secondary to motor vehicle accidents. , 1996, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[10]  T. Dalgleish,et al.  A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1996, Psychological review.

[11]  E. Foa,et al.  Cognitive biases in generalized social phobia. , 1996, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[12]  T. Dalgleish,et al.  The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. , 1996, Psychological bulletin.

[13]  R. McNally,et al.  Subliminal processing of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder , 1996 .

[14]  D. Charney,et al.  Deficits in short-term memory in adult survivors of childhood abuse , 1995, Psychiatry Research.

[15]  S. Vrana,et al.  Selective processing of trauma-relevant words in posttraumatic stress disorder , 1995 .

[16]  S. Southwick,et al.  Functional neuroanatomical correlates of the effects of stress on memory , 1995, Journal of traumatic stress.

[17]  R. McNally,et al.  Automaticity and the anxiety disorders. , 1995, Behaviour research and therapy.

[18]  J. Davis,et al.  War zone stress, personal resources, and PTSD in Persian Gulf War returnees. , 1995, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[19]  A. Harvey,et al.  Processing threatening information in posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1995, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[20]  M. L. Macklin,et al.  Autobiographical memory disturbance in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1995, Behaviour research and therapy.

[21]  S. Southwick,et al.  MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1995, The American journal of psychiatry.

[22]  A. Taylor,et al.  The impact of severity of physical injury and perception of life threat in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder in motor vehicle accident victims. , 1995, Behaviour research and therapy.

[23]  L. Shin,et al.  Association of intelligence with severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Vietnam Combat veterans. , 1995, The American journal of psychiatry.

[24]  S. Orr,et al.  Physiologic responses to loud tones in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1995, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[25]  L. Shin,et al.  Emotional priming of autobiographical memory in post-traumatic stress disorder. , 1994 .

[26]  M. Stein,et al.  Selective processing of social threat in patients with generalized social phobia: Evaluation using a dot-probe paradigm☆ , 1994 .

[27]  J. Brosschot,et al.  The emotional Stroop interference effect in anxiety: attentional bias or cognitive avoidance? , 1994, Behaviour research and therapy.

[28]  T. Dalgleish,et al.  Information processing in post-traumatic stress disorder. , 1994, Behaviour research and therapy.

[29]  A C McFarlane,et al.  Undiagnosed post‐traumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents , 1993, The Medical journal of Australia.

[30]  C. Richard Clark,et al.  Abnormal stimulus processing in posttraumatic stress disorder , 1993, Biological Psychiatry.

[31]  S. Southwick,et al.  Deficits in short-term memory in posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1993, The American journal of psychiatry.

[32]  K. Mogg,et al.  Effects of anxiety and awareness on colour-identification latencies for emotional words. , 1993, Behaviour research and therapy.

[33]  K. Mogg,et al.  Subliminal processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression. , 1993, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[34]  P. Schnurr,et al.  Change in MMPI scores from college to adulthood as a function of military service. , 1993, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[35]  J. Vasterling,et al.  Memory and attention in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , 1993 .

[36]  P. Sutker,et al.  Psychopathology and psychiatric diagnoses of World War II Pacific theater prisoner of war survivors and combat veterans. , 1993, The American journal of psychiatry.

[37]  I. Ferrier,et al.  Autobiographical Memory in Depression: State or Trait Marker? , 1993, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[38]  S. Orr,et al.  Physiologic responses to loud tones in Israeli patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1992, Archives of general psychiatry.

[39]  John R. Walker,et al.  Selective attention toward physical threat in patients with panic disorder , 1992 .

[40]  B. Rothbaum,et al.  A prospective examination of post‐traumatic stress disorder in rape victims , 1992 .

[41]  B. McEwen,et al.  The Vulnerability of the Hippocampus to Protective and Destructive Effects of Glucocorticoids in Relation to Stress , 1992, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[42]  L. Jacoby.  A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory , 1991 .

[43]  M. Kozak,et al.  Processing of threat-related information in rape victims. , 1991, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[44]  R. McNally,et al.  Selective processing of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1990, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[45]  Bruce S. McEwen,et al.  Exposure to excess glucocorticoids alters dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons , 1990, Brain Research.

[46]  R. Sapolsky,et al.  Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in primates , 1990, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[47]  A. Leonard,et al.  Risk factors for PTSD and other diagnoses in a general sample of Vietnam veterans. , 1990, The American journal of psychiatry.

[48]  P. Sutker,et al.  Trauma-induced weight loss and cognitive deficits among former prisoners of war. , 1990, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[49]  B. Rothbaum,et al.  Behavioral/cognitive conceptualizations of post-traumatic stress disorder , 1989 .

[50]  H. Levin,et al.  Selective reminding test: an examination of the equivalence of four forms. , 1985, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[51]  A. Marcel.  Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition , 1983, Cognitive Psychology.

[52]  D. Murphy,et al.  Intellectual Function in Primary Affective Disorder , 1982, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[53]  M. Horowitz,et al.  Impact of Event Scale: A Measure of Subjective Stress , 1979, Psychosomatic medicine.

[54]  A. Taylor,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid major depression: is the correlation an illusion? , 1998, Journal of anxiety disorders.

[55]  J. Vasterling,et al.  Attention and memory dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1998, Neuropsychology.

[56]  A. Beck,et al.  An information processing model of anxiety: automatic and strategic processes. , 1997, Behaviour research and therapy.

[57]  Philip D. Harvey,et al.  Sustained attention in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder , 1997, Integrative physiological and behavioral science : the official journal of the Pavlovian Society.

[58]  S. Orr,et al.  Seeking the source of emotional Stroop interference effects in PTSD: A study of P3s to traumatic words , 1997, Integrative physiological and behavioral science : the official journal of the Pavlovian Society.

[59]  M. Wulfsohn,et al.  Attention, arousal, and memory in posttraumatic stress disorder , 1996, Journal of traumatic stress.

[60]  C. MacLeod,et al.  Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety: a conceptual replication. , 1995, Behaviour research and therapy.

[61]  J. Vasterling,et al.  Memory, attention, and executive deficits in POW survivors: Contributing biological and psychological factors. , 1995 .

[62]  Philip D. Harvey,et al.  Learning and memory in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1995, The American journal of psychiatry.

[63]  C. MacLeod,et al.  Cognitive approaches to emotion and emotional disorders. , 1994, Annual review of psychology.

[64]  Terrie E. Moffitt,et al.  The neuropsychology of conduct disorder , 1993, Development and Psychopathology.

[65]  R. McNally,et al.  Assessment of intrusive cognition in PTSD: Use of the modified Stroop paradigm , 1993 .

[66]  N. Butters,et al.  Memory and learning performances in POW survivors with history of malnutrition and combat veteran controls. , 1992, Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists.

[67]  J. Stroop.  Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. , 1992 .

[68]  P. Sutker,et al.  Cognitive deficits and psychopathology among former prisoners of war and combat veterans of the Korean conflict. , 1991, The American journal of psychiatry.

[69]  S. Kugelmass,et al.  Cognitive functioning in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder , 1990 .

[70]  B. Litz,et al.  Information processing in anxiety disorders: Application to the understanding of post-traumatic stress disorder , 1989 .

[71]  J. Bargh.  Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition. , 1989 .

[72]  J. G. Carlson,et al.  A cognitive action theory of post-traumatic stress disorder , 1988 .

[73]  R. McNally,et al.  Sensitivity to stress-relevant stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1987 .

[74]  R. McNally,et al.  Perception of threat cues in post-traumatic stress disorder: semantic processing without awareness? , 1987, Behaviour research and therapy.

[75]  M. Kozak,et al.  Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. , 1986, Psychological bulletin.