Screening for prostatic cancer and its evolution within Britain

The arguments for and against screening for prostatic cancer are frequently discussed (Albertsen PC. Screening for prostate cancer is neither appropriate nor cost‐effective. Urol Clin North Am 1996; 23: 521–530; Schroder FH, Alexander FE, Bangma CH, Hugosson J, Smith DS. Screening and early detection of prostate cancer. Prostate 2000; 44: 255–263). In contrast, this paper outlines how screening became possible, why the decision was made not to initiate a national screening programme in Britain, the other pathways being pursued, and the current problems, in particular the issue of histopathology workload. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[1]  H. Kakizaki,et al.  Clinical experience in lower urinary tract symptoms , 2001, BJU international.

[2]  Igor Sartori,et al.  Detection of Organ-Confined Prostate Cancer Is Increased Through Prostate- Specific Antigen-Based Screening: , 1994 .

[3]  D. Gillatt,et al.  Pilot study of screening for prostate cancer in general practice , 1991, The Lancet.

[4]  R. Gittes.  Acid phosphatase reappraised. , 1977, The New England journal of medicine.

[5]  F H Schröder,et al.  Screening for prostate cancer: evidence and perspectives , 2001, BJU international.

[6]  A. Foti,et al.  Detection of prostatic cancer by solid-phase radioimmunoassay of serum prostatic acid phosphatase. , 1977, The New England journal of medicine.

[7]  T. H. van der Kwast,et al.  Histopathological prostate cancer characteristics at radical prostatectomy after population based screening. , 2000, The Journal of urology.

[8]  R. Gittes.  Serum acid phosphatase and screening for carcinoma of the prostate. , 1983, The New England journal of medicine.

[9]  R. Kane,et al.  The results of a five‐year early prostate cancer detection intervention , 1996, Cancer.

[10]  T. H. van der Kwast,et al.  Pathologic features of prostate cancer found at population-based screening with a four-year interval. , 2001, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[11]  J. Donovan,et al.  Diagnosis, management and screening of early localised prostate cancer. , 1997, Health technology assessment.

[12]  H. D. de Koning,et al.  Prostate cancer detection at low prostate specific antigen. , 2000, The Journal of urology.

[13]  W. Catalona,et al.  Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[14]  R. Watson,et al.  The predictive value of prostatic acid phosphatase as a screening test for prostatic cancer. , 1980, The New England journal of medicine.

[15]  T. H. van der Kwast,et al.  Value of tissue markers p27kip1, MIB‐1, and CD44s for the pre‐operative prediction of tumour features in screen‐detected prostate cancer , 2002, The Journal of pathology.

[16]  Cancer mortality in African and Caribbean migrants to England and Wales. , 1992, British journal of cancer.

[17]  Ja Wilson,et al.  Principles and practice of screening for disease , 1968 .

[18]  W. Catalona,et al.  Detection of organ-confined prostate cancer is increased through prostate-specific antigen-based screening. , 1993, JAMA.

[19]  H. Klocker,et al.  Prostate cancer screening in Tyrol, Austria: experience and results. , 2000, European urology.

[20]  M. Barry.  Prostate-Specific–Antigen Testing for Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer , 2001 .

[21]  S. Devesa,et al.  International trends and patterns of prostate cancer incidence and mortality , 2000, International journal of cancer.

[22]  F. Hamdy,et al.  Screening for prostate cancer in the UK , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[23]  L Archard,et al.  Equity versus efficiency: a dilemma for the NHS , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[24]  J. Oesterling,et al.  Prostate specific antigen: a decade of discovery--what we have learned and where we are going. , 1999, The Journal of urology.

[25]  S. Brewster,et al.  The Bristol prostate cancer pilot screening study--a 3-year follow-up. , 1994, British journal of urology.

[26]  F. Labrie.  Screening and early hormonal treatment of prostate cancer are accumulating strong evidence and support , 2000, The Prostate.

[27]  Peter Boyle,et al.  Prostate cancer mortality after introduction of prostate-specific antigen mass screening in the Federal State of Tyrol, Austria. , 2001 .

[28]  D. Gunnell,et al.  Comparison of trends in prostate-cancer mortality in England and Wales and the USA , 2000, The Lancet.

[29]  S. Moss,et al.  Survey of the rate of PSA testing in general practice , 2001, British Journal of Cancer.

[30]  K. Khaw.  How many, how old, how soon? , 1999, BMJ.

[31]  S. Moss,et al.  The diagnosis, management, treatment and costs of prostate cancer in England and Wales. , 1997, Health technology assessment.

[32]  T. Stamey.  Re: Pathologic features of prostate cancer found at population-based screening with a four-year interval. , 2002, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[33]  H A Guess,et al.  Comparative efficiency of prostate-specific antigen screening strategies for prostate cancer detection. , 2000, JAMA.

[34]  T. Tammela,et al.  Three-year results of the Finnish prostate cancer screening trial. , 2001, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[35]  Andriole Gl.  The case for prostate cancer screening. , 1993 .

[36]  Fritz H. Schröder,et al.  Evaluation of the Digital Rectal Examination as a Screening Test for Prostate Cancer , 1998 .

[37]  C. Mettlin.  Comment re: Screening and early treatment of prostate cancer are accumulating strong evidence and support , 2000, The Prostate.

[38]  D. Johnston,et al.  The incidence of prostate cancer in a screening population with a serum prostate specific antigen between 2.5 and 4.0 ng/ml: relation to biopsy strategy. , 2001, The Journal of urology.

[39]  T. Beaty,et al.  Hereditary prostate cancer: epidemiologic and clinical features. , 1993, The Journal of urology.

[40]  G Bartsch,et al.  Prostate cancer mortality after introduction of prostate-specific antigen mass screening in the Federal State of Tyrol, Austria. , 2001, Urology.

[41]  Louis R Kavoussi,et al.  Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men. , 1994, The Journal of urology.