Diversity and chemical defense role of culturable non-actinobacterial bacteria isolated from the South China Sea gorgonians.

The diversity of culturable non-actinobacterial (NA) bacteria associated with four species of South China Sea gorgonians was investigated using culture-dependent methods followed by analysis of the bacterial 16S rDNA sequence. A total of 76 bacterial isolates were recovered and identified, which belonged to 21 species of 7 genera, and Bacillus was the most diverse genus. Fifty-one percent of the 76 isolates displayed antibacterial activities, and most of them belonged to the Bacillus genus. From the culture broth of gorgonian-associated Bacillus methylotrophicus SCSGAB0092 isolated from gorgonian Melitodes squamata, 11 antimicrobial lipopeptides including seven surfactins and four iturins were obtained. These results imply that Bacillus strains associated with gorgonians play roles in coral defense mechanisms through producing antimicrobial substances. This study, for the first time, compares the diversity of culturable NA bacterial communities among four species of South China Sea gorgonians and investigates the secondary metabolites of gorgonian-associated B. methylotrophicus SCSGAB0092.

[1]  Jie Bao,et al.  Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Culturable Fungi Isolated from Six Species of the South China Sea Gorgonians , 2012, Microbial Ecology.

[2]  R. Stone,et al.  Microbial consortia of gorgonian corals from the Aleutian islands. , 2011, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[3]  M. Kanlayavattanakul,et al.  Lipopeptides in cosmetics , 2010, International journal of cosmetic science.

[4]  S. Cameotra,et al.  Biosurfactant-enhanced bioremediation of hydrophobic pollutants , 2010 .

[5]  C. Mulligan.  Recent advances in the environmental applications of biosurfactants , 2009 .

[6]  S. K. Pandian,et al.  Phylogenetic characterization of culturable bacterial diversity associated with the mucus and tissue of the coral Acropora digitifera from the Gulf of Mannar. , 2009, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[7]  Yuemao Shen,et al.  Diversities Within Genotypes, Bioactivity and Biosynthetic Genes of Endophytic Actinomycetes Isolated from Three Pharmaceutical Plants , 2009, Current Microbiology.

[8]  J. Guez,et al.  High-Level Biosynthesis of the Anteiso-C17 Isoform of the Antibiotic Mycosubtilin in Bacillus subtilis and Characterization of Its Candidacidal Activity , 2009, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[9]  M. Shnit-Orland,et al.  Coral mucus-associated bacteria: a possible first line of defense. , 2009, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[10]  Ramkrishna Sen,et al.  Biotechnology in petroleum recovery: The microbial EOR , 2008 .

[11]  S. Cameotra.  Biosurfactant—Enhanced bioremediation of hydrophobic pollutants , 2008 .

[12]  L. Wang,et al.  Isolation and characterization of lipopeptide antibiotics produced by Bacillus subtilis , 2008, Letters in applied microbiology.

[13]  P. Bayman,et al.  Fungi in healthy and diseased sea fans (Gorgonia ventalina): is Aspergillus sydowii always the pathogen? , 2008, Coral Reefs.

[14]  M. Ongena,et al.  Bacillus lipopeptides: versatile weapons for plant disease biocontrol. , 2008, Trends in microbiology.

[15]  K. Hong,et al.  Complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR spectral data of nine surfactin isomers , 2007, Magnetic resonance in chemistry : MRC.

[16]  M. Nitschke,et al.  Biosurfactants in food industry , 2007 .

[17]  M. Shoda,et al.  Enhanced iturin A production by Bacillus subtilis and its effect on suppression of the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani , 2007, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[18]  O. Kuipers,et al.  The iturin and fengycin families of lipopeptides are key factors in antagonism of Bacillus subtilis toward Podosphaera fusca. , 2007, Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI.

[19]  P. Qian,et al.  Antibacterial and antilarval activity of deep-sea bacteria from sediments of the West Pacific Ocean , 2007, Biofouling.

[20]  Rosário Oliveira,et al.  Biosurfactants: potential applications in medicine. , 2006, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[21]  C. Chellaram,et al.  Isolation of antagonistic marine bacteria from the surface of the gorgonian corals at Tuticorin, south east coast of India , 2005 .

[22]  J. Guez,et al.  Mycosubtilin Overproduction by Bacillus subtilis BBG100 Enhances the Organism's Antagonistic and Biocontrol Activities , 2005, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[23]  J. Vivanco,et al.  Biocontrol of Bacillus subtilis against Infection of Arabidopsis Roots by Pseudomonas syringae Is Facilitated by Biofilm Formation and Surfactin Production1 , 2004, Plant Physiology.

[24]  P. Qian.  Larval settlement of polychaetes , 1999, Hydrobiologia.

[25]  P. Qian,et al.  The bioactivity of bacterial isolates in Hong Kong waters for the inhibition of barnacle (Balanus amphitrite Darwin) settlement , 2003 .

[26]  N. Knowlton,et al.  Diversity and distribution of coral-associated bacteria , 2002 .

[27]  Y. Fujii,et al.  Mulberry anthracnose antagonists (iturins) produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RC-2. , 2002, Phytochemistry.

[28]  Rasika M. Harshey,et al.  Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Swarming Mutants with Altered Biofilm-Forming Abilities: Surfactin Inhibits Biofilm Formation , 2001, Journal of bacteriology.

[29]  M. Ozel,et al.  Antiviral and hemolytic activities of surfactin isoforms and their methyl ester derivatives. , 1999, The Journal of antibiotics.

[30]  M. Ozel,et al.  Antimycoplasma properties and application in cell culture of surfactin, a lipopeptide antibiotic from Bacillus subtilis , 1997, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[31]  Xiang Li.  Selection of polymerase chain reaction primers from an RNA intergenic spacer region for specific detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. , 1995 .

[32]  W. Fenical.  Chemical Studies of Marine Bacteria: Developing a New Resource , 1993 .

[33]  J. Coll.  THE CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF OCTOCORALS (COELENTERATA, ANTHOZOA, OCTOCORALLIA) , 1992 .

[34]  Ralph Mitchell,et al.  Bacterial populations and adaptations in the mucus layers on living corals1 , 1979 .