Explaining the influence of time budget pressure on audit quality in Sweden

This paper is aimed at explaining how time budget pressure influences audit quality in the Swedish context. A hypothesis is deduced and tested through a survey sent to Swedish auditors. The Swedish context provides a special setting since audit firms and auditors have been facing new pressures due, for example, to the removal of statutory audits for a majority of the companies in Sweden. The findings show that time budget pressure lowers the quality of audits performed by Swedish auditors, but it is not the only explanation. Audit quality is also related to other factors such as gender, position, experience, number of clients, local office size and audit firm. Thus, the model is useful for explaining the factors influencing audit quality and could be used and expanded in future studies. The study also has practical implications showing that when trading-off between audit efforts and available resources and setting time budgets for each audit assignment, audit firms should also consider the personal characteristics of the auditors.

[1]  Michael Power,et al.  Auditing and the production of legitimacy , 2003 .

[2]  D. Otley,et al.  The control problem in public accounting firms: An empirical study of the impact of leadership style , 1995 .

[3]  David Woodliff,et al.  The Moral Intensity of Reduced Audit Quality Acts , 2008 .

[4]  M. Alvesson Talking in Organizations: Managing Identity and Impressions in an Advertising Agency , 1994 .

[5]  Timurs Umans,et al.  Auditors professional and organizational identities and commercialization in audit firms , 2018 .

[6]  Mikhail Pevzner,et al.  Audit Quality: Insights from the Academic Literature , 2013 .

[7]  Katarzyna Kosmala Insights From Ricoeur’s Hermeneutics on Best Practice In Professional Service Firms: On Perpetual Myth Creation? , 2005, Qualitative Sociology Review.

[8]  Mark W. Dirsmith,et al.  Structure and agency in an institutionalized setting: The application and social transformation of control in the Big Six☆ , 1997 .

[9]  Jesse F. Dillard,et al.  A critique of knowledge-based systems in auditing: the systemic encroachment of technical consciousness , 1992 .

[10]  James L. Bierstaker,et al.  Auditors' Efficiency Motivated Evaluation , 2009 .

[11]  Brian T. Pentland,et al.  Getting comfortable with the numbers: Auditing and the micro-production of macro-order , 1993 .

[12]  R. Houston,et al.  The Effects of Fee Pressure and Client Risk on Audit Seniors' Time Budget Decisions , 1999 .

[13]  Manuela Schmidt,et al.  Feeling well by being together: Study of Swedish auditors. , 2016, Work.

[14]  Kim Ittonen,et al.  Female Auditors and Accruals Quality , 2013 .

[15]  Peter Moizer,et al.  Auditor Reputation: The International Empirical Evidence , 1997 .

[16]  Zoe-Vonna Palmrose AUDIT FEES AND AUDITOR SIZE - FURTHER EVIDENCE , 1986 .

[17]  Jane F. Mutchler,et al.  The influence of contrary information and mitigating factors on audit opinion decisions on bankrupt companies , 1997 .

[18]  F. Anderson-Gough,et al.  In the Name of the Client: The Service Ethic in Two Professional Services Firms , 2000 .

[19]  G. Hanlon ''CASINO CAPITALISM'' AND THE RISE OF THE ''COMMERCIALISED'' SERVICE CLASS—AN EXAMINATION OF THE ACCOUNTANT , 1996 .

[20]  S. Sundgren,et al.  The Demand for Non‐Audit Services and Auditor‐Client Relationships: Evidence from Swedish Small and Medium‐Sized Enterprises , 2012 .

[21]  Bernard Pierce,et al.  Perceived Adverse Consequences of Quality Threatening Behaviour in Audit Firms , 2006 .

[22]  Oriol Amat,et al.  International accounting harmonisation - A comparison of Spain, Sweden and Austria , 1998 .

[23]  Jere R. Francis,et al.  Auditor Changes: A Joint Test of Theories Relating to Agency Costs and Auditor Differentiation , 2016 .

[24]  D. Woodliff,et al.  A Survey of Time Budget Pressure and Reduced Audit Quality Among Australian Auditors , 2003 .

[25]  J. Krishnan,et al.  The Differentiation of Quality among Auditors: Evidence from the Not‐for‐Profit Sector , 2000 .

[26]  Larry N. Killough,et al.  Underreporting and premature sign‐off in public accounting , 2003 .

[27]  Pernilla Broberg The Auditor at Work – A study of auditor practice in Big 4 audit firms , 2013 .

[28]  Jere R. Francis,et al.  Accounting Accruals and Auditor Reporting Conservatism , 1999 .

[29]  F. Anderson-Gough,et al.  Tests of time: organizational time-reckoning and the making of accountants in two multi-national accounting firms , 2001 .

[30]  F. Anderson-Gough,et al.  Accounting professionals and the accounting profession: linking conduct and context , 2002 .

[31]  Peter Öhman,et al.  Audit regulation and the development of the auditing profession:The case of Sweden , 2012 .

[32]  Linda S. McDaniel,et al.  The Effects Of Time Pressure And Audit Program Structure On Audit Performance , 1990 .

[33]  Christopher Grey,et al.  On being a professional in a "Big Six" firm , 1998 .

[34]  K. Heischmidt,et al.  Professional Accounting Services , 2002 .

[35]  Michael L. Ettredge,et al.  Empirical Tests of Audit Budget Dynamics , 2007 .

[36]  M. J. Fischer,et al.  "Real-izing" the benefits of new technologies as a source of audit evidence: An interpretive field study , 1996 .

[37]  T. Brante Sociological Approaches to the Professions , 1988 .

[38]  Prem Sikka,et al.  Financial Crisis and the Silence of the Auditors , 2009 .

[39]  Bernard Pierce,et al.  Cost–quality conflict in audit firms: an empirical investigation , 2004 .

[40]  Jere R. Francis What do we know about audit quality , 2004 .

[41]  Olivier Herrbach,et al.  Audit quality, auditor behaviour and the psychological contract , 2001 .

[42]  T. L. Tang,et al.  Attitudes Toward Advertising by Accountants , 2002 .

[43]  Jere R. Francis,et al.  Big 4 Office Size and Audit Quality , 2009 .

[44]  Toby Miller,et al.  The Green Paper , 1970, Nursing times.

[45]  Gregory A. Liyanarachchi,et al.  Time Budget Pressure in New Zealand Audits , 2007 .

[46]  Keith Robson,et al.  Accounting, Professions and Regulation: Locating the Sites of Professionalization , 2006 .

[47]  Gregory A. Liyanarachchi,et al.  Time budget pressure, auditors' personality type, and the incidence of reduced audit quality practices , 2007 .

[48]  David F. Larcker,et al.  Fees Paid to Audit Firms, Accrual Choices, and Corporate Governance , 2004 .

[49]  David Woodliff,et al.  The Effect of Risk of Misstatement on the Propensity to Commit Reduced Audit Quality Acts under Time Budget Pressure , 2004 .

[50]  Jere R. Francis A Framework for Understanding and Researching Audit Quality , 2011 .

[51]  Mark W. Dirsmith,et al.  Informal communications, nonformal communications and mentoring in public accounting firms , 1985 .

[52]  Gary F. Peters,et al.  The Effect of Workload Compression on Audit Quality , 2012 .

[53]  Göran Djurfeldt,et al.  Statistisk verktygslåda - samhällsvetenskaplig orsaksanalys med kvantitativa metoder , 2003 .

[54]  L. DeAngelo,et al.  Auditor size and audit quality , 1981 .

[55]  C. McNair Proper compromises: The management control dilemma in public accounting and its impact on auditor behavior☆ , 1991 .

[56]  Don E. Giacomino,et al.  Personal Values of Accounting Alumni: An Empirical Examination of Differences by Gender and Age , 2003 .

[57]  Kim Ittonen,et al.  Auditor's Gender and Audit Fees , 2012 .

[58]  Gary Colbert,et al.  State Accountancy Regulations, Audit Firm Size, and Auditor Quality: An Empirical Investigation , 1999 .

[59]  Timothy J. Fogarty,et al.  Organizational socialization in accounting firms: A theoretical framework and agenda for future research , 1992 .

[60]  C. Oliver STRATEGIC RESPONSES TO INSTITUTIONAL PROCESSES , 1991 .

[61]  Timurs Umans,et al.  Balance between auditing and marketing: An explorative study , 2013 .

[62]  Bernard Pierce,et al.  Good hours, bad hours and auditors' defence mechanisms in audit firms , 2006 .

[63]  Bernard Pierce,et al.  Auditor time budget pressure: consequences and antecedents , 1996 .

[64]  Accountants' attitudes toward advertising: a longitudinal study , 2009 .

[65]  Zoe-Vonna Palmrose,et al.  An Analysis of Auditor Litigation and Audit Service Quality , 2016 .

[66]  James King,et al.  Time pressure, task complexity, and audit effectiveness , 2010 .

[67]  Robin W. Roberts,et al.  Factors Associated with the Incidence of Reduced Audit Quality Behaviors , 1998 .

[68]  Mark W. Dirsmith,et al.  The Calculated and the Avowed: Techniques of Discipline and Struggles over Identity in Big Six Public Accounting Firms , 1998 .

[69]  Z. Ismail,et al.  Dysfunctional Audit Behaviour: An Exploratory Study in Malaysia , 2010 .

[70]  Michael Power,et al.  Educating accountants: Towards a critical ethnography , 1991 .

[71]  Dennis Murray,et al.  The Association between Auditor Quality and Auditor Size: An Analysis of Small CPA Firms , 1998 .

[72]  William R. Kinney,et al.  Auditor Independence, Non‐Audit Services, and Restatements: Was the U.S. Government Right? , 2004 .

[73]  Mark H. Taylor,et al.  The Effects of Time Budget Pressure and Intentionality on Audit Supervisors' Response to Audit Staff False Sign‐Off , 2013 .