Invisible Wounds: Predicting the Immediate and Long-Term Consequences of Mental Health Problems in Veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom

This product is part of the RAND Health working paper series. RAND working papers are intended to share researchers’ latest findings and to solicit informal peer review. They have been approved for circulation by RAND Health but have not been formally edited or peer reviewed. Unless otherwise indicated, working papers can be quoted and cited without permission of the author, provided the source is clearly referred to as a working paper. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. is a registered trademark.

[1]  A. Pickles,et al.  The outcome of childhood conduct disorder: implications for defining adult personality disorder and conduct disorder , 1992, Psychological Medicine.

[2]  R. Spitzer,et al.  Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. , 1999, JAMA.

[3]  Joseph J Boscarino Current Excessive Drinking Among Vietnam Veterans: a Comparison With Other Veterans and Non-Veterans , 1981, The International journal of social psychiatry.

[4]  C. Vázquez,et al.  Differential patterns of mental disorders among the homeless in Madrid (Spain) and Los Angeles (USA) , 1998, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[5]  J. Speed,et al.  The association between mild traumatic brain injury and psychiatric conditions , 2001, Brain injury.

[6]  R. Sanchez,et al.  1998 Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Military Personnel. , 1999 .

[7]  J. Coyne,et al.  Shortening the CES-D to improve its ability to detect cases of depression , 1997 .

[8]  M. Fava,et al.  Consumption of alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine among depressed outpatients. Relationship with response to treatment. , 1996, Psychosomatics.

[9]  J. Kreutzer,et al.  Depression after traumatic brain injury: a National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Model Systems multicenter investigation. , 2003, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[10]  J. Kreutzer,et al.  Traumatic brain injury and substance abuse: A review and analysis of the literature , 2003, Neuropsychological rehabilitation.

[11]  Body mass index relates to males with posttraumatic stress disorder. , 2006, Journal of the National Medical Association.

[12]  D. Haaga,et al.  Nicotine dependence, PTSD symptoms, and depression proneness among male and female smokers. , 2006, Addictive behaviors.

[13]  A. Ommaya,et al.  Outcome after traumatic brain injury in the U.S. military medical system. , 1996, The Journal of trauma.

[14]  K. Brady,et al.  Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. , 2000, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[15]  T. Backer,et al.  Cognitive Impairments and the Prevention of Homelessness: Research and Practice Review , 2007, The Journal of Primary Prevention.

[16]  J. Lönnqvist,et al.  Mental disorders and comorbidity in suicide. , 1993, The American journal of psychiatry.

[17]  P. Koegel,et al.  Antecedents of Physical and Sexual Victimization Among Homeless Women: A Comparison to Homeless Men , 2000, American journal of community psychology.

[18]  C. Regehr,et al.  Does Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Affect Performance? , 2007, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[19]  B. Druss,et al.  Health and disability costs of depressive illness in a major U.S. corporation. , 2000, The American journal of psychiatry.

[20]  M. Stern,et al.  Self-concept, marital vulnerability and brain damage. , 1995, Brain injury.

[21]  D. Stull,et al.  Longitudinal analysis of the reciprocal effects of self-assessed global health and depressive symptoms. , 2005, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[22]  Christopher Dandeker,et al.  The health of UK military personnel who deployed to the 2003 Iraq war: a cohort study , 2006, The Lancet.

[23]  K. O’leary,et al.  Major Depressive Disorder and Depressive Symptomatology as Predictors of Husband to Wife Physical Aggression , 1998, Violence and Victims.

[24]  B. Penninx,et al.  Depression and cardiac mortality: results from a community-based longitudinal study. , 2001, Archives of general psychiatry.

[25]  R. Kessler,et al.  Social consequences of psychiatric disorders, I: Educational attainment. , 1995, The American journal of psychiatry.

[26]  A bioecological model of intellectual development. , 1995 .

[27]  A. Gawande,et al.  Casualties of war--military care for the wounded from Iraq and Afghanistan. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[28]  R. Heimberg,et al.  Social phobia and PTSD in vietnam veterans , 1996, Journal of traumatic stress.

[29]  A. Jablensky Research Methods in Psychiatric Epidemiology: An Overview∗ , 2002, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.

[30]  E. Blanchard,et al.  Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). , 1996, Behaviour research and therapy.

[31]  Patricia Rogers Babin Diagnosing depression in persons with brain injuries: a look at theories, the DSM-IV and depression measures , 2003, Brain injury.

[32]  R. Rosenheck,et al.  A model of homelessness among male veterans of the Vietnam War generation. , 1994, The American journal of psychiatry.

[33]  D. Mellor,et al.  The Adjustment of Children of Australian Vietnam Veterans: Is There Evidence for the Transgenerational Transmission of the Effects of War-Related Trauma? , 2001, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.

[34]  Timothy Heeren,et al.  Neuropsychological outcomes of army personnel following deployment to the Iraq war. , 2006, JAMA.

[35]  D. Lauterbach,et al.  The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Self-Reported Health Problems , 2005, Psychosomatic medicine.

[36]  Ronald C. Kessler,et al.  The National Comorbidity Survey , 2003 .

[37]  D. Levine Life and death in the US Army. , 1991, JAMA.

[38]  H. Levin,et al.  Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder at Three Months After Mild to Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury , 2001, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[39]  R. Kessler,et al.  Depression in the workplace: effects on short-term disability. , 1999, Health affairs.

[40]  R. Linn,et al.  The effects of parental traumatic brain injury on the behaviour of parents and children. , 1993, Brain injury.

[41]  M. Andary,et al.  Traumatic brain injury/chronic pain syndrome: a case comparison study. , 1997, The Clinical journal of pain.

[42]  Hamilton I. McCubin The Returned Prisoner of War: Factors in Family Reintegration. , 1975 .

[43]  W. M. Martinovich,et al.  Executive dysfunction and domestic violence , 2006, Brain injury.

[44]  L. Frederikson,et al.  Unacknowledged Casualties of the Vietnam War: Experiences of Partners of New Zealand Veterans , 1996 .

[45]  C. Carlson,et al.  An assessment of the treatment needs of Vietnam-era veterans. , 1984, Hospital & community psychiatry.

[46]  R. Plomin,et al.  Families at risk for psychopathology: Who becomes affected and why? , 1993, Development and Psychopathology.

[47]  N. Breslau,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults: risk factors for chronicity. , 1992, The American journal of psychiatry.

[48]  Ritu Agarwal,et al.  Health and Exposure Concerns of Veterans Deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan , 2007, Journal of occupational and environmental medicine.

[49]  M. Zimmerman,et al.  Major depressive disorder and axis I diagnostic comorbidity. , 2002, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[50]  Z. Solomon Marital Relations and Combat Stress Reaction: The Wives' Perspective. , 1992 .

[51]  Charles R. Marmar,et al.  Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjus , 1990 .

[52]  R A Bryant,et al.  Incidence of chronic pain following traumatic brain injury. , 1996, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[53]  S. Deb,et al.  Rate of psychiatric illness 1 year after traumatic brain injury. , 1999, The American journal of psychiatry.

[54]  Thomas N. Bradbury,et al.  Marital functioning and depressive symptoms: evidence for a stress generation model. , 1997 .

[55]  J. House,et al.  Social relationships and health. , 1988, Science.

[56]  S Woolhandler,et al.  Smoking and mental illness: A population-based prevalence study. , 2000, JAMA.

[57]  R G Robinson,et al.  Frontal lobe syndrome reassessed: comparison of patients with lateral or medial frontal brain damage , 1999, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[58]  G. Vaillant,et al.  A systematic review of the mortality of depression. , 1999, Psychosomatic medicine.

[59]  Jeani Chang,et al.  Electrocardiogram abnormalities among men with stress-related psychiatric disorders: Implications for coronary heart disease and clinical research , 1999, Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.

[60]  N. Breslau,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder and the incidence of nicotine, alcohol, and other drug disorders in persons who have experienced trauma. , 2003, Archives of general psychiatry.

[61]  Edward F Bruner Military Forces: What is the Appropriate Size for the United States? , 2005 .

[62]  J. Spira,et al.  Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in health care providers returning from deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan. , 2007, Military medicine.

[63]  R. Rosenheck,et al.  Recent trends In VA treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental disorders. , 2007, Health affairs.

[64]  Charles Marmar,et al.  Bringing the war back home: mental health disorders among 103,788 US veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan seen at Department of Veterans Affairs facilities. , 2007, Archives of internal medicine.

[65]  Robert A. Rosenheck,et al.  Employment Outcomes and PTSD Symptom Severity , 2005, Mental health services research.

[66]  Paula Allen Meares,et al.  Parenting among mothers with a serious mental illness. , 2000, The American journal of orthopsychiatry.

[67]  R. Kessler,et al.  The social consequences of psychiatric disorders, III: probability of marital stability. , 1998, The American journal of psychiatry.

[68]  Ronald C Kessler,et al.  Effects of major depression on moment-in-time work performance. , 2004, The American journal of psychiatry.

[69]  Robert J Ursano,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in battle-injured soldiers. , 2006, The American journal of psychiatry.

[70]  Grant L Iverson,et al.  Outcome from mild traumatic brain injury , 2005, Current opinion in psychiatry.

[71]  M. Olfson,et al.  Perceived need and help-seeking in adults with mood, anxiety, or substance use disorders. , 2002, Archives of general psychiatry.

[72]  B. Crespo-Facorro,et al.  Alcohol misuse and mood disorders following traumatic brain injury. , 2005, Archives of general psychiatry.

[73]  S. Beach Marital and family processes in depression: A scientific foundation for clinical practice. , 2001 .

[74]  J. Lönnqvist,et al.  Suicide attempts preceding completed suicide , 1998, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[75]  L. Fugate,et al.  Systematic bias in outcome studies of persons with traumatic brain injury. , 1997, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[76]  S. Griffiths In corpore sano , 1936 .

[77]  K. Mills,et al.  Trauma, PTSD, and substance use disorders: findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. , 2006, The American journal of psychiatry.

[78]  E L Struening,et al.  Comorbidity, impairment, and suicidality in subthreshold PTSD. , 2001, The American journal of psychiatry.

[79]  D. Hemenway,et al.  Household firearm ownership and rates of suicide across the 50 United States. , 2007, The Journal of trauma.

[80]  Patrick T. Davies,et al.  Depressed parents and family functioning: Interpersonal effects and children's functioning and development. , 1999 .

[81]  M. Prout,et al.  Depression After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Evidence for Clinical Heterogeneity , 2004, Neuropsychology Review.

[82]  A. Ommaya,et al.  Causation, incidence, and costs of traumatic brain injury in the U.S. military medical system. , 1996, The Journal of trauma.

[83]  C. Wedekind,et al.  Health-related quality of life during the first year after severe brain trauma with and without polytrauma , 2007, Brain injury.

[84]  G. Elder,et al.  Talent, history, and the fulfillment of promise. , 1991, Psychiatry.

[85]  L. Kroutil,et al.  Trends in Alcohol, Illicit Drug, and Cigarette Use among U.S. Military Personnel: 1980-1992 , 1995 .

[86]  Terry L. Schell,et al.  Use of mental health services by men injured through community violence. , 2004, Psychiatric services.

[87]  J. Davidson,et al.  Familial psychiatric illness in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1989, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[88]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Parental depression and family functioning: Toward a process-oriented model of children's adjustment. , 2001 .

[89]  Charles R. Figley Coping with Stressors on the Home Front , 1993 .

[90]  Olga V. Demler,et al.  The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). , 2003, JAMA.

[91]  L. McCracken,et al.  Suicidal behavior among patients in the VA health care system. , 1995, Psychiatric services.

[92]  J. Ritsher,et al.  Psychiatric comorbidity, continuing care and mutual help as predictors of five-year remission from substance use disorders. , 2002, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[93]  P Goodwin,et al.  The Long Road Back , 2016 .

[94]  Paul B. Baltes,et al.  Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology : On the dynamics between growth and decline , 1987 .

[95]  A twin study of the association of post-traumatic stress disorder and combat exposure with long-term socioeconomic status in Vietnam veterans. , 1995, Journal of traumatic stress.

[96]  D. Hemenway,et al.  The association between changes in household firearm ownership and rates of suicide in the United States, 1981–2002 , 2006, Injury Prevention.

[97]  M. Lovejoy,et al.  Maternal depression and parenting behavior: a meta-analytic review. , 2000, Clinical psychology review.

[98]  J. Kreutzer,et al.  Marital stability after brain injury: an investigation and analysis. , 2007, NeuroRehabilitation.

[99]  P. J. Fischer,et al.  The epidemiology of alcohol, drug, and mental disorders among homeless persons. , 1991, The American psychologist.

[100]  B. Druss,et al.  Patterns of health care costs associated with depression and substance abuse in a national sample. , 1999, Psychiatric services.

[101]  Donald A. Powell,et al.  PTSD Symptoms, Demographic Characteristics, and Functional Status Among Veterans Treated in VA Primary Care Clinics , 2004, Journal of traumatic stress.

[102]  R. Kessler,et al.  The Impact of Psychiatric Disorders on Labor Market Outcomes , 1997 .

[103]  J. Fairbank,et al.  Stress and substance use among military women and men. , 1999, The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse.

[104]  D. G. Campbell,et al.  Prevalence of Depression–PTSD Comorbidity: Implications for Clinical Practice Guidelines and Primary Care-based Interventions , 2007, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[105]  E. Susser,et al.  Preventing recurrent homelessness among mentally ill men: a "critical time" intervention after discharge from a shelter. , 1997, American journal of public health.

[106]  Charles W Hoge,et al.  Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. , 2006, JAMA.

[107]  R. Kessler,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society. , 2000, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[108]  J. Endicott,et al.  Effects of major depression on remission and relapse of substance dependence. , 2002, Archives of general psychiatry.

[109]  J. Boscarino External-cause mortality after psychologic trauma: the effects of stress exposure and predisposition. , 2006, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[110]  M. Weissman,et al.  Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. , 1996, JAMA.

[111]  K. Schmaling,et al.  Predictors of aversive alcohol consequences in a military sample. , 2006, Military medicine.

[112]  R. Parks,et al.  Cognitive dysfunction in homeless adults: a systematic review. , 2004, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[113]  B. Grant,et al.  Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. , 2005, Archives of general psychiatry.

[114]  J. P. Tierney,et al.  American Community Survey: earnings and employment for persons with traumatic brain injury. , 2007, NeuroRehabilitation.

[115]  J. Ghajar Traumatic brain injury , 2000, The Lancet.

[116]  T. M. Davis,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder in female veterans: association with self-reported health problems and functional impairment. , 2004, Archives of internal medicine.

[117]  E. Nace,et al.  Depression in veterans two years after Viet Nam. , 1977, The American journal of psychiatry.

[118]  A. Haas,et al.  Suicide and guilt as manifestations of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. , 1991, The American journal of psychiatry.

[119]  Combat stress, psychosocial adjustment, and service use among homeless Vietnam veterans. , 1992, Hospital & community psychiatry.

[120]  Tracy K. Witte,et al.  Four studies on how past and current suicidality relate even when "everything but the kitchen sink" is covaried. , 2005, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[121]  T. Freeman,et al.  A comparison of chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients with and without a history of suicide attempt. , 2000, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[122]  S. Southwick,et al.  Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the literature. , 2001, The American journal of psychiatry.

[123]  M. Olfson,et al.  Mental disorders and disability among patients in a primary care group practice. , 1997, The American journal of psychiatry.

[124]  P. Ouimette,et al.  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbidity : Paige Crosby Ouimette , Chair COURSE AND TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH BOTH SUBSTANCE USE AND POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDERS , 1998 .

[125]  C. Granger,et al.  Outcomes in the first 5 years after traumatic brain injury. , 1998, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[126]  H. Coslett,et al.  Frequency and duration of inattentive behavior after traumatic brain injury: Effects of distraction, task, and practice , 2000, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

[127]  W. Beardslee,et al.  Children of affectively ill parents: a review of the past 10 years. , 1998, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[128]  H. S. Pan,et al.  Predicting mild and severe husband-to-wife physical aggression. , 1994, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[129]  Ronald Glaser,et al.  Depression and immune function: central pathways to morbidity and mortality. , 2002, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[130]  JoAnne O'Bryant,et al.  U.S. Forces in Iraq , 2008 .

[131]  R. Kessler,et al.  Association between obesity and psychiatric disorders in the US adult population. , 2006, Archives of general psychiatry.

[132]  Clayton Neighbors,et al.  Social norms campaigns: examining the relationship between changes in perceived norms and changes in drinking levels. , 2004, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[133]  J. Langlois,et al.  The Epidemiology and Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Brief Overview , 2006, The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation.

[134]  R. Robinson,et al.  Depression following Myocardial Infarction , 1992, International journal of psychiatry in medicine.

[135]  K. Coburn,et al.  Neuropsychiatric complications of traumatic brain injury: a critical review of the literature (a report by the ANPA Committee on Research). , 2007, The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[136]  A. Spiro,et al.  Depression and Smoking across 25 Years of the Normative Aging Study , 2006, International journal of psychiatry in medicine.

[137]  D. Weiss,et al.  Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis. , 2003, Psychological bulletin.

[138]  J. Hyde,et al.  Father involvement moderates the effect of maternal depression during a child's infancy on child behavior problems in kindergarten. , 2004, Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

[139]  Elizabeth M. Smith,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder among homeless men and women. , 1992, Hospital & community psychiatry.

[140]  J. Fairbank,et al.  Health status, somatization, and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1998, The American journal of psychiatry.

[141]  R. Weiss,et al.  The effect of depression on return to drinking: a prospective study. , 1998, Archives of general psychiatry.

[142]  G. Jurkovich,et al.  Posttraumatic stress, problem drinking, and functional outcomes after injury. , 2002, Archives of surgery.

[143]  F P Rivara,et al.  Suicide in the home in relation to gun ownership. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[144]  J. Zubin,et al.  Vulnerability--a new view of schizophrenia. , 1977, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[145]  H. Adèr,et al.  Secondary traumatization in partners and parents of Dutch peacekeeping soldiers. , 2005, Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

[146]  K A Dunn,et al.  Traumatic brain injury in the United States: A public health perspective. , 1999, The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation.

[147]  J. Silver,et al.  Axis I Psychopathology in Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury , 1998, The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation.

[148]  L. Robins,et al.  Post-Vietnam heroin use and injection by returning US veterans: clues to preventing injection today. , 2003, Addiction.

[149]  S. Stewart Alcohol abuse in individuals exposed to trauma: a critical review. , 1996, Psychological bulletin.

[150]  H. Aro,et al.  Sex differences in coping and depression among young adults. , 1996, Social science & medicine.

[151]  Vlasta Solter,et al.  Elevated serum lipids in veterans with combat-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. , 2002, Croatian medical journal.

[152]  Paul D Bliese,et al.  The impact of deployment length and experience on the well-being of male and female soldiers. , 2005, Journal of occupational health psychology.

[153]  N. Frasure-smith,et al.  Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. , 1995, Circulation.

[154]  A. Caspi,et al.  Continuities and consequences of interactional styles across the life course. , 1989, Journal of personality.

[155]  J. Coyne,et al.  Depression and Marital Disagreement: The Social Construction of Despair , 1985 .

[156]  R. Drake,et al.  Dual diagnosis: a review of etiological theories. , 1998, Addictive behaviors.

[157]  A. Fontana,et al.  Transgenerational Effects of Abusive Violence on the Children of Vietnam Combat Veterans , 1998, Journal of traumatic stress.

[158]  A. L. Crawford,et al.  Prevalence and correlates of heavy smoking in Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1997, Addictive behaviors.

[159]  Z. Solomon,et al.  From front line to home front: a study of secondary traumatization. , 1992, Family process.

[160]  R. Bryant Posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury: can they co-exist? , 2001, Clinical psychology review.

[161]  Personality in the life course. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[162]  D. Reiss,et al.  Genetic and environmental influences on depressive symptomatology in adolescence: individual differences and extreme scores. , 1993, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[163]  R. Kessler,et al.  Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. , 1998, Archives of general psychiatry.

[164]  H. Christensen,et al.  A population survey found an association between self-reports of traumatic brain injury and increased psychiatric symptoms. , 2004, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[165]  R. Ursano,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder: somatic comorbidity and effort tolerance. , 1990, Psychosomatics.

[166]  M. Mcgeehin,et al.  Postservice mortality in Vietnam veterans: 30-year follow-up. , 2004, Archives of internal medicine.

[167]  R. Frenck,et al.  Impact of illness and non-combat injury during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan). , 2005, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[168]  R. Tate,et al.  Suicidality after traumatic brain injury: demographic, injury and clinical correlates , 2002, Psychological Medicine.

[169]  D. Riggs,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder, anger, and partner abuse among Vietnam combat veterans. , 2007, Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

[170]  J. Dieter,et al.  Neuropsychological evaluation of higher functioning homeless persons: a comparison of an abbreviated test battery to the mini-mental state exam. , 2001, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[171]  B. Parry‐Jones,et al.  Traumatic brain injury and substance misuse: A systematic review of prevalence and outcomes research (1994–2004) , 2006, Neuropsychological rehabilitation.

[172]  D. Hope,et al.  Mild traumatic brain injury and anxiety sequelae: A review of the literature , 2006, Brain injury.

[173]  David Morganstein,et al.  Cost of lost productive work time among US workers with depression. , 2003, JAMA.

[174]  K. Watkins,et al.  A national survey of care for persons with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders. , 2001, Psychiatric services.

[175]  K. Chamberlain,et al.  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Interpersonal Functioning in Vietnam War Veterans: A Mediational Model , 1999, Journal of traumatic stress.

[176]  M. Oquendo,et al.  Association of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression with greater risk for suicidal behavior. , 2003, The American journal of psychiatry.

[177]  L. Festinger A Theory of Social Comparison Processes , 1954 .

[178]  D. Satre,et al.  Chemical dependency patients with cooccurring psychiatric diagnoses: service patterns and 1-year outcomes. , 2006, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[179]  Roland S. Moore,et al.  Military culture and drinking behavior among U.S. Navy careerists. , 2007, Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs.

[180]  Z. Solomon,et al.  Marital intimacy, family support, and secondary traumatization: A study of wives of veterans with combat stress reaction , 1995 .

[181]  F. D. Del Boca,et al.  Comorbid psychiatric diagnosis predicts three-year outcomes in alcoholics: a posttreatment natural history study. , 1996, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[182]  D. Donovan,et al.  Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder and severity of substance abuse in Vietnam veterans. , 1992, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[183]  J Ormel,et al.  Common mental disorders and disability across cultures. Results from the WHO Collaborative Study on Psychological Problems in General Health Care. , 1994, JAMA.

[184]  Ronald Ruff,et al.  Two Decades of Advances in Understanding of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury , 2005, The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation.

[185]  L. Perino,et al.  Economic consequences of tobacco use for the Department of Defense, 1995. , 1998, Military medicine.

[186]  Carol J. Verboncoeur,et al.  The functioning and well-being of patients with unrecognized anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder. , 1997, Journal of affective disorders.

[187]  J. Beckham,et al.  Caregiver burden in partners of Vietnam War veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1996, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[188]  Jennifer M. Kavanagh,et al.  How Deployments Affect Service Members , 2006 .

[189]  S. Dilsaver,et al.  Lifetime rates of suicide attempts among subjects with bipolar and unipolar disorders relative to subjects with other axis I disorders , 1996, Biological Psychiatry.

[190]  N. Farberow,et al.  Combat Experience and Postservice Psychosocial Status as Predictors of Suicide in Vietnam Veterans , 1990, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[191]  L. Robins,et al.  DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS IN VIETNAM RETURNEES , 1976, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[192]  D. Hospenthal,et al.  Spectrum of care provided at an echelon II Medical Unit during Operation Iraqi Freedom. , 2005, Military medicine.

[193]  M. E. Marsden,et al.  Standardized comparisons of the use of alcohol, drugs, and cigarettes among military personnel and civilians. , 1991, American journal of public health.

[194]  A. Pandurangi,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder and body mass index in military veterans Preliminary findings , 2006, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.

[195]  Julie A. Schumacher,et al.  Risk factors for male-to-female partner physical abuse , 2001 .

[196]  C. Sempos,et al.  The relationship of average volume of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking to burden of disease: an overview. , 2003, Addiction.

[197]  Melonie P. Heron,et al.  Deaths: preliminary data for 2004. , 2006, National vital statistics reports : from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System.

[198]  J M Golding,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder and functioning and quality of life outcomes in a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans. , 1997, The American journal of psychiatry.

[199]  N. Glenn,et al.  The Contribution of Marital Happiness to Global Happiness. , 1981 .

[200]  G. Metalsky,et al.  A prospective test of an integrative interpersonal theory of depression: a naturalistic study of college roommates. , 1995, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[201]  A. Krishnakumar,et al.  The Impact of Maternal Depression and Parenting Behaviors on Adolescents' Psychological Functioning in Romania , 2006 .

[202]  N. King Post-traumatic stress disorder and head injury as a dual diagnosis: "islands" of memory as a mechanism. , 1997, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[203]  N. Breslau,et al.  A second look at comorbidity in victims of trauma: the posttraumatic stress disorder–major depression connection , 2000, Biological Psychiatry.

[204]  A. Basso,et al.  Quality of life in patients with traumatic brain injury-basic issues, assessment and recommendations. , 2002, Restorative neurology and neuroscience.

[205]  Jennifer L. Greif,et al.  Preventive health behaviors, health-risk behaviors, physical morbidity, and health-related role functioning impairment in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. , 2004, Military medicine.

[206]  Rishi P. Singh,et al.  Posttraumatic stress. , 2007, Ophthalmology.

[207]  G. Cross,et al.  Suicide in the Army: a review of current information. , 2005, Military medicine.

[208]  J. Lyons,et al.  Impact of comorbid affective and alcohol use disorders on suicidal ideation and attempts. , 1999, Journal of clinical psychology.

[209]  D. Ready,et al.  Unique patterns of comorbidity in posttraumatic stress disorder from different sources of trauma. , 1996, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[210]  J. Ecklund,et al.  Cognitive Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury , 2000 .

[211]  C. Brewin Intrusive autobiographical memories in depression and post-traumatic stress disorder , 1998 .

[212]  W. Katon,et al.  Depression and pain comorbidity: a literature review. , 2003, Archives of internal medicine.

[213]  H. Alpern,et al.  Depression After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Current Research , 1998, Neuropsychology Review.

[214]  E. M. Cummings,et al.  Relations of husbands and wives dysphoria to marital conflict resolution strategies. , 2004, Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

[215]  M. Weissman,et al.  The association between head injuries and psychiatric disorders: findings from the New Haven NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study , 2001, Brain injury.

[216]  L. Schopp,et al.  Financial and vocational outcomes 1 year after traumatic brain injury. , 2003, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[217]  J. Sareen,et al.  Anxiety Disorders Associated With Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey , 2005, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[218]  E. C. Harris,et al.  Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders , 1997, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[219]  R. Kessler,et al.  Associations between Marital Distress and Work Loss in a National Sample. , 1996 .

[220]  Sharon A Brown,et al.  Predicting depression following mild traumatic brain injury. , 2005, Archives of general psychiatry.

[221]  D. Foy,et al.  Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: analysis of marital and cohabitating adjustment. , 1985, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[222]  D. K. Sakheim,et al.  Trauma and Victimization , 1988 .

[223]  E. Susser,et al.  Risk factors for homelessness among patients admitted to a state mental hospital. , 1991, American Journal of Psychiatry.

[224]  J. Corrigan Substance abuse as a mediating factor in outcome from traumatic brain injury. , 1995, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[225]  A. Caspi,et al.  Moving away from the World: Life-Course Patterns of Shy Children. , 1988 .

[226]  M. Zvolensky,et al.  Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: a critical review of the empirical literature. , 2007, Clinical psychology review.

[227]  J. E. Hovens,et al.  Current posttraumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Dutch Resistance veterans from World War II. , 1992, Psychotherapy and psychosomatics.

[228]  C. Hoge,et al.  Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems and barriers to care. , 2004, U.S. Army Medical Department journal.

[229]  Melonie P. Heron,et al.  Deaths: leading causes for 2003. , 2007, National vital statistics reports : from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System.

[230]  M. Åsberg,et al.  Suicidal Behavior After Severe Trauma. Part 1: PTSD Diagnoses, Psychiatric Comorbidity, and Assessments of Suicidal Behavior , 1998, Journal of traumatic stress.

[231]  Follow-up of Vietman veterans. I. Relapse to drug use after Vietnam service. , 1980, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[232]  R. Kessler,et al.  The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders: implications for prevention and service utilization. , 1996, The American journal of orthopsychiatry.

[233]  F. J. McClernon,et al.  The effects of trauma recall on smoking topography in posttraumatic stress disorder and non-posttraumatic stress disorder trauma survivors. , 2005, Addictive behaviors.

[234]  P. Bebbington Sex and depression , 1998, Psychological Medicine.

[235]  T. Bullman,et al.  The risk of suicide among wounded Vietnam veterans. , 1996, American journal of public health.

[236]  R. Kessler,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. , 1995, Archives of general psychiatry.

[237]  C. Engel,et al.  Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with somatic symptoms, health care visits, and absenteeism among Iraq war veterans. , 2007, The American journal of psychiatry.

[238]  D. Vivian,et al.  Generalized Versus Spouse-Specific Anger/Hostility and Men’s Violence Against Intimates , 1996, Violence and Victims.

[239]  R. Carney,et al.  Depression following myocardial infarction. , 2005, General hospital psychiatry.

[240]  Glen H. Elder,et al.  Examining lives in context : perspectives on the ecology of human development , 1995 .

[241]  M. Horner,et al.  Patterns of alcohol use 1 year after traumatic brain injury: A population-based, epidemiological study , 2005, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

[242]  J. G. Carlson,et al.  Compelled Attention: The Effects of Viewing Trauma-Related Stimuli on Concurrent Task Performance in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , 1999, Journal of traumatic stress.

[243]  J. Kiecolt-Glaser,et al.  Marriage and health: his and hers. , 2001, Psychological bulletin.

[244]  R. Spitzer,et al.  The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: Validity of a Two-Item Depression Screener , 2003, Medical care.

[245]  R. Rosenheck,et al.  The proportion of veterans among homeless men. , 1994, American journal of public health.

[246]  Z. Solomon,et al.  Secondary traumatization among wives of PTSD and post-concussion casualties: distress, caregiver burden and psychological separation. , 2000, Brain injury.

[247]  N. Breslau,et al.  Major depression and stages of smoking. A longitudinal investigation. , 1998, Archives of general psychiatry.

[248]  J. Coyne,et al.  Toward an interactional description of depression. , 1976, Psychiatry.

[249]  Olga V. Demler,et al.  Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. , 2005, Archives of general psychiatry.

[250]  Gustavo Turecki,et al.  An examination of DSM-IV depressive symptoms and risk for suicide completion in major depressive disorder: a psychological autopsy study. , 2007, Journal of affective disorders.

[251]  D. Reiss,et al.  Explorations of parenting environments in the evolution of psychiatric problems in children. , 2006, The American journal of psychiatry.

[252]  Lynda A. King,et al.  Male War-Zone Veterans' Perceived Relationships with Their Children: The Importance of Emotional Numbing , 2002, Journal of traumatic stress.

[253]  M. Stein,et al.  Perceived threat to life predicts posttraumatic stress disorder after major trauma: risk factors and functional outcome. , 2001, The Journal of trauma.

[254]  R. Novaco,et al.  Anger regulation deficits in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1997, Journal of traumatic stress.

[255]  P. O'Connor,et al.  The prevalence and impact of alcohol problems in major depression: a systematic review. , 2005, The American journal of medicine.

[256]  Hannah Fischer,et al.  United States Military Casualty Statistics: Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom , 2009 .

[257]  T. Kimbrell,et al.  A Survey of Gun Collection and Use among Three Groups of Veteran Patients Admitted to Veterans Affairs Hospital Treatment Programs , 2003, Southern medical journal.

[258]  B. Dohrenwend,et al.  The Psychological Risks of Vietnam for U.S. Veterans: A Revisit with New Data and Methods , 2006, Science.

[259]  T. Teasdale,et al.  Suicide after traumatic brain injury: a population study , 2001, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[260]  T. Brink Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation: Report of Findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study , 1991 .

[261]  Jürgen Unützer,et al.  Prevalence and risk factors for homelessness and utilization of mental health services among 10,340 patients with serious mental illness in a large public mental health system. , 2005, The American journal of psychiatry.

[262]  C. Castro,et al.  How leaders can influence the impact that stressors have on soldiers. , 2004, Military medicine.

[263]  Cyril F. Chang,et al.  The association of smoking and the cost of military training , 2001, Tobacco control.

[264]  P. Schnurr,et al.  Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between symptoms and quality of life in veterans treated for posttraumatic stress disorder. , 2006, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[265]  V. Banyard,et al.  The Impact of Complex Trauma and Depression on Parenting: An Exploration of Mediating Risk and Protective Factors , 2003, Child maltreatment.

[266]  R. K. Price,et al.  Twenty-five year mortality of US servicemen deployed in Vietnam: predictive utility of early drug use. , 2001, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[267]  P. Vokonas,et al.  Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and coronary heart disease in the Normative Aging Study. , 2007, Archives of general psychiatry.

[268]  J. Mann,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder comorbid with major depression: factors mediating the association with suicidal behavior. , 2005, The American journal of psychiatry.

[269]  Kenneth S. Kendler,et al.  Toward a comprehensive developmental model for major depression in women. , 2002 .

[270]  D. Ryan,et al.  Female partners of Vietnam veterans: stress by proximity. , 1988, Issues in mental health nursing.

[271]  N. Zasler,et al.  Posttraumatic headache: neuropsychological and psychological effects and treatment implications. , 1999, The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation.

[272]  J. Guralnik,et al.  Head injury in early adulthood and the lifetime risk of depression. , 2002, Archives of general psychiatry.

[273]  R. Kessler,et al.  Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey. , 1999, Archives of general psychiatry.

[274]  S. Marshall,et al.  Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA Concussion Study. , 2003, JAMA.

[275]  K. Graham,et al.  Alcohol use and psychosocial well-being among older adults. , 1999, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[276]  Marcel Dijkers,et al.  Systematic bias in traumatic brain injury outcome studies because of loss to follow-up. , 2003, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[277]  M. Swartz,et al.  Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with suicidality in male veterans with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder , 2006, Schizophrenia Research.

[278]  M. Schuckit Broadening the Base of Treatment for Alcohol Problems:Report of a Study by a Committee of the Institute of Medicine Division of Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine. , 1991, The American journal of psychiatry.

[279]  A. Nyamathi,et al.  Perception of Health Status by Homeless US Veterans , 2004, Family & community health.

[280]  E. Isometsä,et al.  Psychological autopsy studies – a review , 2001, European Psychiatry.

[281]  C. Leda,et al.  Initial assessment data from a 43-site program for homeless chronic mentally ill veterans. , 1989, Hospital & community psychiatry.

[282]  M. Glajchen Chronic pain: treatment barriers and strategies for clinical practice. , 2001, The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice.

[283]  M. Keidar,et al.  Being a Wife of a Veteran with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , 2005 .

[284]  E. Foa,et al.  Men’s pathways to risky sexual behavior: Role of co-occurring childhood sexual abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression histories , 2005, Journal of Urban Health.

[285]  P. Koegel,et al.  Pathways to homelessness among the mentally ill , 2000, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[286]  J. Boscarino Posttraumatic stress disorder and mortality among U.S. Army veterans 30 years after military service. , 2006, Annals of epidemiology.

[287]  D. Riggs,et al.  The Quality of the Intimate Relationships of Male Vietnam Veterans: Problems Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , 1998, Journal of traumatic stress.

[288]  R. Rugulies Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease. a review and meta-analysis. , 2002, American journal of preventive medicine.

[289]  Joanne Davila,et al.  Depressive symptoms and marital satisfaction: within-subject associations and the moderating effects of gender and neuroticism. , 2003, Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

[290]  M. Zimmerman,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder after injury: impact on general health outcome and early risk assessment. , 1999, The Journal of trauma.

[291]  M. Sharpe,et al.  Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: a systematic review , 2003, Psychological Medicine.

[292]  J. Sheikh,et al.  The primary care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD): development and operating characteristics , 2004 .

[293]  S. Uysal,et al.  The Effect of Parental Traumatic Brain Injury on Parenting and Child Behavior , 1998, The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation.

[294]  G. Klerman,et al.  Children of parents with major affective disorder: a review. , 1983, The American journal of psychiatry.

[295]  A. Caspi,et al.  Moving Against the World: Life-Course Patterns of Explosive Children , 1987 .

[296]  R. Rosenheck,et al.  The civilian labor market experiences of Vietnam-era veterans: the influence of psychiatric disorders. , 2000, The journal of mental health policy and economics.

[297]  D. Ronis,et al.  PTSD and physical comorbidity among women receiving Medicaid: results from service-use data. , 2006, Journal of traumatic stress.

[298]  Roland S. Moore,et al.  Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Use among Young Adults Prior to Entering the Military , 2002, Prevention Science.

[299]  M. Whisman,et al.  The association between depression and marital dissatisfaction. , 2001 .

[300]  M. Weissman,et al.  Family risk factors, parental depression, and psychopathology in offspring. , 1990 .

[301]  Grant Martin,et al.  Everything but the kitchen sink [review of Integrated System-Level Modeling of Network-on-Chip Enabled Multi-Processor Platforms by Kogel, T. et al.; 2006] , 2007, IEEE Design & Test of Computers.

[302]  R. Rosenheck,et al.  Homeless Veterans of the Mil-Volunteer Force: A Social Selection Perspective , 2003 .

[303]  F. Fincham,et al.  Marital distress, depression, and attributions: is the marital distress-attribution association an artifact of depression? , 1989, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[304]  Homelessness as psychological trauma. Broadening perspectives. , 1991, The American psychologist.

[305]  T. Galovski,et al.  Psychological sequelae of combat violence: A review of the impact of PTSD on the veteran's family and possible interventions. , 2004 .

[306]  J. Masterson,et al.  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Brain Injury: Are They Mutually Exclusive? , 1999, Journal of traumatic stress.

[307]  P. Esselman,et al.  Psychiatric disorders and functional disability in outpatients with traumatic brain injuries. , 1996, The American journal of psychiatry.

[308]  John H. Grych,et al.  Marital conflict and children's adjustment: a cognitive-contextual framework. , 1990, Psychological bulletin.

[309]  G. Downey,et al.  Children of depressed parents: an integrative review. , 1990, Psychological bulletin.

[310]  Nathalie Huguet,et al.  Suicide among male veterans: a prospective population-based study , 2007, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

[311]  A. Booth,et al.  Why Does Military Combat Experience Adversely Affect Marital Relations , 1994 .

[312]  D S Rae,et al.  Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. , 1990, JAMA.

[313]  A. Stewart,et al.  The functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. , 1989, JAMA.

[314]  J. Talbott,et al.  Prevalence and Co-occurrence of Substance Use Disorders and Independent Mood and Anxiety Disorders: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions , 2006 .

[315]  Charles W Hoge,et al.  Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. , 2007, JAMA.

[316]  D. Warden,et al.  Military TBI During the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars , 2006, The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation.

[317]  R. Motta,et al.  The effect of PTSD and combat level on Vietnam veterans' perceptions of child behavior and marital adjustment. , 1995, Journal of clinical psychology.

[318]  G. Patterson,et al.  It takes two to replicate: a mediational model for the impact of parents' stress on adolescent adjustment. , 1995, Child development.

[319]  Edward Kim,et al.  Agitation, aggression, and disinhibition syndromes after traumatic brain injury. , 2002, NeuroRehabilitation.

[320]  R. L. Lee Economic consequences of tobacco use for the Department of Defense. , 1998, Military medicine.

[321]  L. Robins,et al.  Narcotic use in southeast Asia and afterward. An interview study of 898 Vietnam returnees. , 1975, Archives of general psychiatry.

[322]  M. Thase,et al.  Comorbid alcoholism and depression: treatment issues. , 2001, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[323]  Christopher R. Erbes,et al.  Post-traumatic stress disorder and service utilization in a sample of service members from Iraq and Afghanistan. , 2007, Military medicine.

[324]  P. Koegel,et al.  Problems in the Assessment of Mental Illness among the Homeless Empirical Approach , 1992 .

[325]  Thomas E. Joiner,et al.  The interactional nature of depression: Advances in interpersonal approaches. , 1999 .

[326]  R. Tate,et al.  Clinical Features of Suicide Attempts After Traumatic Brain Injury , 2005, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[327]  J. Mintz,et al.  The impact of Vietnam service on heroin-addicted veterans. , 1979, The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse.

[328]  S. Southwick,et al.  Chronic PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans: course of illness and substance abuse. , 1996, The American journal of psychiatry.

[329]  N. Breslau,et al.  Investigations of causal pathways between PTSD and drug use disorders. , 1998, Addictive behaviors.

[330]  B. Bankier,et al.  Psychiatric Disorders and Coronary Heart Disease in Women – A Still Neglected Topic: Review of the Literature from 1971 to 2000 , 2002, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics.

[331]  R. Sanchez,et al.  HIGHLIGHTS: 1998 Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Military Personnel , 1999 .

[332]  P. Koegel,et al.  Quality of life of homeless persons with mental illness: results from the course-of-homelessness study. , 2000, Psychiatric services.

[333]  M. Oddy,et al.  Rearranged marriages: marital relationships after head injury. , 1999, Brain injury.

[334]  P. Ouimette,et al.  Health and well being of substance use disorder patients with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. , 2006, Addictive behaviors.

[335]  R. Bell,et al.  Aggression after traumatic brain injury: Analysing socially desirable responses and the nature of aggressive traits , 2006, Brain injury.

[336]  D. Weiss,et al.  Problems in families of male Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1992, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[337]  K. Merikangas,et al.  The comorbidity of depression and substance use disorders. , 2000, Clinical psychology review.

[338]  L. Hyer,et al.  Negative Parenting Behavior, Combat Exposure, and PTSD Symptom Severity: Test of a Person-Event Interaction Model , 1992, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[339]  M. Hautzinger,et al.  Distressed couples with and without a depressed partner: an analysis of their verbal interaction. , 1982, Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.

[340]  H. Wilcox,et al.  Association of alcohol and drug use disorders and completed suicide: an empirical review of cohort studies. , 2004, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[341]  H. Roitblat,et al.  Anger, impulsivity, and anger control in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. , 1994, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[342]  S. Orr,et al.  Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. , 1998, The American journal of psychiatry.

[343]  M. Sweet Homeless veterans. , 1987, Hospital & community psychiatry.