Application of heated electrodes operating in a non-isothermal mode for interference elimination with amperometric biosensors

Heated electrodes were applied for the non-isothermal operation of amperometric glucose biosensors based on glucose oxidase immobilised on the electrode surface by entrapment within a polymer layer. The localised deposition of the polymer film under simultaneous entrapment of the enzyme was achieved by an electrochemically induced pH-modulation in the diffusion zone in front of the electrode, thus altering the solubility of the polymer chains. This non-manual sensor preparation protocol could be successfully used for the modification of a novel indirectly heated electrode. The non-isothermal operating mode allows working at the optimum temperature of the enzyme sensors without any thermal distortion of the bulk solution. Increased surface temperature of the sensor thus accelerates transport as well as kinetic processes, resulting in an enhanced amperometric signal.In the presence of interfering compounds such as ascorbic acid, the proposed technique allows use of the diverging thermal impact on the sensing process, for different electrochemically active compounds, for a deconvolution of the amperometric signal at different electrode temperatures. A calculation method for determination of glucose in the presence of one interfering compound is presented as a basis for a calculative interference elimination.

[1]  Alexander M. Yacynych,et al.  Electropolymerized 1,2-diaminobenzene as a means to prevent interferences and fouling and to stabilize immobilized enzyme in electrochemical biosensors , 1990 .

[2]  T. Zerihun,et al.  Electrically heated cylindrical microelectrodes. The reduction of dissolved oxygen on Pt , 1996 .

[3]  Y. Harima,et al.  Electrode potential relaxation following a rapid change of temperature: Part II. Theory , 1977 .

[4]  Peter Gründler,et al.  Temperature pulse voltammetry: hot layer electrodes made by LTCC technology , 1999 .

[5]  A Heller,et al.  "Wired" enzyme electrodes for amperometric determination of glucose or lactate in the presence of interfering substances. , 1994, Analytical chemistry.

[6]  U. Bilitewski,et al.  UV-Polymerizable Screen-Printed Enzyme Pastes , 1995 .

[7]  P. Gründler.  Phenomena at hot-wire electrodes , 2000, Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry.

[8]  P. Vadgama,et al.  Glucose enzyme electrode with extended linearity: Application to undiluted blood measurements , 1986 .

[9]  Giovanna Marrazza,et al.  INK-JET PRINTING FOR THE FABRICATION OF AMPEROMETRIC GLUCOSE BIOSENSORS , 1992 .

[10]  J. Labuda,et al.  Damage to DNA indicated by an electrically heated DNA-modified carbon paste electrode , 2001 .

[11]  Jonathan M. Cooper,et al.  A review of the immobilization of enzymes in electropolymerized films , 1993 .

[12]  P. Gründler,et al.  The Technology of Hot‐Wire Electrochemistry , 1999 .

[13]  F. Marken,et al.  Modeling Hot Wire Electrochemistry. Coupled Heat and Mass Transport at a Directly and Continuously Heated Wire , 2000 .

[14]  S. Cosnier,et al.  Fabrication of biosensors by attachment of biological macromolecules to electropolymerized conducting films , 1999 .

[15]  Gordon G. Wallace,et al.  Conducting electroactive polymer-based biosensors , 1999 .

[16]  Asha Chaubey,et al.  Application of conducting polymers to biosensors. , 2002, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[17]  G. Flechsig,et al.  Investigation of Deposition and Stripping Phenomena at the Heated Gold Wire Electrode in Comparison to the Rotating Disk Electrode: Copper(II), Mercury(II), and Arsenic(III) , 2001 .

[18]  W. Schuhmann,et al.  Reagentless oxidoreductase sensors , 1994 .

[19]  C. Kurzawa,et al.  Immobilization method for the preparation of biosensors based on pH shift-induced deposition of biomolecule-containing polymer films. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[20]  P. Gründler,et al.  The influence of temperature on the interaction between DNA and metal complex at a heated gold-wire microelectrode , 2003 .

[21]  J Wang,et al.  Electroanalysis and biosensors. , 1993, Analytical chemistry.

[22]  K. Koga,et al.  Effect of periodate oxidation on the structure and properties of glucose oxidase. , 1976, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[23]  W. Schuhmann,et al.  Reagentless biosensors based on co-entrapment of a soluble redox polymer and an enzyme within an electrochemically deposited polymer film. , 2002, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[24]  M. Koudelka-Hep,et al.  A Planar Glucose Enzyme Electrode , 1989 .

[25]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Anodic Stripping Voltammetry with a Heated Mercury Film on a Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrode , 2001 .

[26]  G. Rivas,et al.  Stripping analysis of nucleic acids at a heated carbon paste electrode. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[27]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Hot-wire stripping potentiometric measurements of trace mercury , 1999 .

[28]  G. S. Wilson,et al.  Electrochemical Biosensors: Recommended Definitions and Classification , 1999, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[29]  Redox modification of proteins using sequential-parallel electrochemistry in microtiter plates. , 2001, The Analyst.

[30]  G. S. Wilson,et al.  Polymeric mercaptosilane-modified platinum electrodes for elimination of interferants in glucose biosensors. , 1996, Analytical chemistry.

[31]  S. Cosnier.  Biomolecule immobilization on electrode surfaces by entrapment or attachment to electrochemically polymerized films. A review. , 1999, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[32]  W. Schuhmann,et al.  Acrylic Acid-Based Copolymers as Immobilization Matrix for Amperometric Biosensors , 2003 .

[33]  B. Strehlitz,et al.  A nitrite sensor based on a highly sensitive nitrite reductase mediator-coupled amperometric detection. , 1996, Analytical chemistry.

[34]  Wolfgang Schuhmann,et al.  Amperometric enzyme biosensors based on optimised electron-transfer pathways and non-manual immobilisation procedures. , 2002, Journal of biotechnology.

[35]  W. Schuhmann,et al.  Picodroplet-deposition of enzymes on functionalized self-assembled monolayers as a basis for miniaturized multi-sensor structures. , 2001, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[36]  A Heller,et al.  Elimination of electrooxidizable interferant-produced currents in amperometric biosensors. , 1992, Analytical chemistry.

[37]  Milena Koudelka-Hep,et al.  Electrochemical Techniques for the Modification of Microelectrodes , 1995 .