Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Potential, Proximate and Trace Elements Composition of Leaves, Stems and Ashes from 12 Combretum spp. Used as Food Additives

In this study, twelve Combretum spp. were investigated for their phytochemical content, antioxidant potential, and their proximate and trace elements/minerals composition. The qualitative phytochemical composition of the leaves, stems, and ashes of Combretum plants analysed revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, and flavonoids. The following phytoconstituents were lost in the ashes; tannins apart from C. mkuzense and C. padoides; cardiac glycosides; and flavonoids. The quantitative phytochemical analyses revealed that both the leaves, stems, and some ashes such as C. apiculatum and C. vendae contained levels of phenolic compounds, tannins, and flavonoids. DPPH screening method indicated great scavenging activity with the 70% acetone leaf extracts of C. kraussii, C. zeyheriim, and C. mkuzense. There was a significant decrease in the antioxidant activity in the ashes compared to the leaves and the stems. AOAC and ICPE protocols performed the proximate and nutritional analysis of the 70% acetone extracts. The extracts had substantial amounts of ash, moisture, protein, and energy. The leaves and ashes of C. adenogonium and C. apiculatum could provide a good source of calcium in the diet. This study presents valuable information on the phytochemical composition, nutritional composition, and antioxidant properties of some Combretum species.

[1]  Ying-Jun Zhang,et al.  The Genus Terminalia (Combretaceae): An Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review , 2019, Natural Products and Bioprospecting.

[2]  S. Bhattacharjee,et al.  Nutritional composition, mineral content, antioxidant activity and quantitative estimation of water soluble vitamins and phenolics by RP-HPLC in some lesser used wild edible plants , 2019, Heliyon.

[3]  S. S. Mnyakeni-Moleele,et al.  Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of different solvent extracts of Kirkia wilmsii tubers , 2016 .

[4]  K. Chaudhuri,et al.  Nutritional analysis of some selected wild edible plants consumed by the tribal people of Meghalaya state in India , 2016 .

[5]  B. Divband,et al.  Biofabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using fruit extract of Rosa canina and their toxic potential against bacteria: A mechanistic approach. , 2016, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[6]  Mohd. Ali,et al.  Analysis of antioxidant activity of herbal yoghurt prepared from different milk , 2015 .

[7]  R. Bhambar,et al.  RESEARCH AND REVIEWS: JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY Estimation of Total Phenol, Tannin, Alkaloid and Flavonoid in Hibiscus Tiliaceus Linn. Wood Extracts. , 2014 .

[8]  N. Khalid,et al.  Comparison of antimicrobial activity, phytochemical profile and minerals composition of garlic Allium sativum and Allium tuberosum , 2014, Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry.

[9]  M. Aliasgharpour,et al.  Trace Elements in Human Nutrition: A Review , 2013 .

[10]  Giovanni Agati,et al.  Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: location and functional significance. , 2012, Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology.

[11]  A. Souto,et al.  Bioactivities of the Genus Combretum (Combretaceae): A Review , 2012, Molecules.

[12]  A. Pandey,et al.  Antioxidant, Lipo-Protective and Antibacterial Activities of Phytoconstituents Present in Solanum Xanthocarpum Root , 2012 .

[13]  Lucindo J Q Junior,et al.  Biological Oxidations and Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products , 2012 .

[14]  T. Borokini,et al.  Phytochemical and ethnobotanical study of some selected medicinal plants from Nigeria , 2012 .

[15]  M. Farooq,et al.  Drought stress in plants: an overview , 2012 .

[16]  A. Abdullahi,et al.  Chemical and Proximate Contents of methanolic leaf extract of Piliostigma Thonningii schum (Camel foot) , 2012 .

[17]  F. Adaramola,et al.  Nutritional and Phytochemical Screening of Aloe barbadensis , 2012 .

[18]  Yavuz,et al.  Antioxidant Properties of Methanolic Extract and Fatty Acid Composition of Centaurea urvillei DC. subsp. hayekiana Wagenitz , 2011 .

[19]  B. Marzouk,et al.  Antioxidant activities of the essential oils and methanol extracts from myrtle (Myrtus communis var. italica L.) leaf, stem and flower. , 2010, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[20]  V. Kaul,et al.  Antioxidant activity of Potentilla fulgens: An alpine plant of western Himalaya , 2010 .

[21]  J. Bujang,et al.  Analytic chemical composition and mineral content of yellow velvetleaf (Limnocharis flava L. Buchenau)’s edible parts. , 2009 .

[22]  J. Adebayo,et al.  Proximate composition and phytochemical constituents of leaves of some Acalypha species. , 2009 .

[23]  A. Mishra,et al.  Inhibitory activity of Indian spice plant Cinnamomum zeylanicum extracts against Alternaria solani and Curvularia lunata, the pathogenic dematiaceous moulds , 2009, Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials.

[24]  J. Eloff,et al.  The biological activity and chemistry of the southern African Combretaceae. , 2008, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[25]  Shakeel Ahmad,et al.  ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DESI CHICKPEA VARIETIES COMMONLY CONSUMED IN PAKISTAN , 2008 .

[26]  Ozlem Keskin,et al.  Characterization and prediction of protein interfaces to infer protein-protein interaction networks. , 2008, Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.

[27]  R. Sundriyal,et al.  Wild edible plants of the Sikkim Himalaya: Nutritive values of selected species , 2001, Economic Botany.

[28]  B. Odhav,et al.  Preliminary assessment of nutritional value of traditional leafy vegetables in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa , 2007 .

[29]  D. Perrett,et al.  From ‘protein’ to the beginnings of clinical proteomics , 2007, Proteomics. Clinical applications.

[30]  J. Eloff,et al.  The antifungal activity of twenty-four southern African Combretum species (Combretaceae) , 2007 .

[31]  J. Simal-Gándara,et al.  Influence of grape variety, vine system and enological treatments on the colour stability of young red wines , 2007 .

[32]  P. Masoko,et al.  Screening of twenty-four South African Combretum and six Terminalia species (Combretaceae) for antioxidant activities. , 2008, African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM.

[33]  S. Ignacimuthu,et al.  Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine Open Access Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers in Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu, India , 2022 .

[34]  M. Yousfi,et al.  ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SOME ALGERIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS EXTRACTS CONTAINING PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS , 2006 .

[35]  P. Kefalas,et al.  Radical scavenging activity of various extracts and fractions of sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) , 2006 .

[36]  J. Eloff,et al.  Antifungal activities of six South African Terminalia species (Combretaceae). , 2005, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[37]  V. Katalinić,et al.  Analytical, Nutritional and Clinical Methods Use of different methods for testing antioxidative activity of oregano essential oil , 2004 .

[38]  Liliana Jiménez,et al.  Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. , 2004, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[39]  R. Brun,et al.  Antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants from Côte d'Ivoire. , 2004, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[40]  Rui Hai Liu,et al.  Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of wheat varieties. , 2003, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[41]  Kelly E Heim,et al.  Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. , 2002, The Journal of nutritional biochemistry.

[42]  Rui Hai Liu,et al.  Antioxidant activity of grains. , 2002, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[43]  S. Osae,et al.  MULTIELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SOME TRADITIONAL PLANT MEDICINES USED IN GHANA , 2002 .

[44]  B. Ou,et al.  Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of Oregon caneberries. , 2002, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[45]  M. Recio,et al.  Anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Helichrysum italicum , 2002, The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology.

[46]  J. van Staden,et al.  An investigation on the biological activity of Combretum species. , 2001, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[47]  R. Puupponen-Pimiä,et al.  Antimicrobial properties of phenolic compounds from berries , 2001, Journal of applied microbiology.

[48]  H. Bartsch,et al.  The antioxidant/anticancer potential of phenolic compounds isolated from olive oil. , 2000, European journal of cancer.

[49]  G. Bolwell,et al.  Phenols in the plant and in man. The potential for possible nutritional enhancement of the diet by modifying the phenols content or profile , 2000 .

[50]  D. Kingston,et al.  Bioactive compounds from Combretum erythrophyllum. , 2000, Journal of natural products.

[51]  D. Brookes,et al.  Uteroactive constituents from Combretum kraussii , 1999 .

[52]  J. Ashidi,et al.  Antimicrobial potential of Spondias mombin, croton zambesicus and Zygotritonia crocea , 1999, Phytotherapy research : PTR.

[53]  E. Middleton.  Effect of plant flavonoids on immune and inflammatory cell function. , 1998, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[54]  E. Joubert,et al.  Comparison of the Antioxidant Activity of Aspalathin with That of Other Plant Phenols of Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus linearis), α-Tocopherol, BHT, and BHA , 1997 .

[55]  L. Verotta,et al.  Chemistry and biological properties of the African Combretaceae , 1996 .

[56]  C. Rice-Evans,et al.  Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. , 1996, Free radical biology & medicine.

[57]  R. Braz-Filho,et al.  Triterpenes and flavonoids from Combretum leprosum , 1993 .

[58]  D Kromhout,et al.  Intake of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids and their determinants in adults in The Netherlands. , 1993, Nutrition and cancer.

[59]  Abayomi Sofowora,et al.  Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa , 1982 .

[60]  O. Odebiyi,et al.  Phytochemical screening of Nigerian medicinal plants II. , 1978, Lloydia.

[61]  L. Nhamo,et al.  Chemical constituents of the combretaceae. Part IV. Phenanthrene derivatives from the heartwood of Combretum hereroense , 1973 .

[62]  Sidney A. Williams,et al.  Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists , 1971, Soil Science Society of America Journal.

[63]  J. Yudkin.  Human Nutrition , 1961, Nature.