A field comparison of Fresnel zone and ray-based GPR attenuation-difference tomography for time-lapse imaging of electrically anomalous tracer or contaminant plumes

Ground-penetrating radar GPR attenuation-difference tomographyisausefultoolforimagingthemigrationofelectrically anomalous tracer or contaminant plumes. Attenuation-difference tomography uses the difference in the trace amplitudes of tomographic data sets collected at different times to image the distribution of bulk-conductivity changes within the medium. Themostcommonapproachforcomputingthetomographicsensitivities uses ray theory, which is well understood and leads to efficient computations. However, ray theory requires the assumption that waves propagate at infinite frequency, and thus sensitivities are distributed along a line between the source and receiver. The infinite-frequency assumption in ray theory leads to a significant loss of resolution both spatially and in terms of amplitude of the recovered image. We use scattering theory to approximate the sensitivity of electromagnetic EM wave amplitude to changes in bulk conductivity within the medium. These sensitivities occupy the first Fresnel zone, account for the finite frequency nature of propagating EM waves, and are valid whenvelocityvariationswithinthemediumdonotcausesignificant ray bending. We evaluate the scattering theory sensitivities by imaging a bromide tracer plume as it migrates through a coarse alluvial aquifer over two successive days. The scattering theory tomograms display a significant improvement in resolution over the ray-based counterparts, as shown by a direct comparison of the tomograms and also by a comparison of the verticalfluidconductivitydistributionmeasuredinamonitoringwell, located within the tomographic plane. By improving resolution, the scattering theory sensitivities increase the utility of GPR attenuation-difference tomography for monitoring the movement of electrically anomalous plumes. In addition, the improved accuracy of information gathered through attenuation-difference tomography using scattering theory is a positive step toward futuredevelopmentsinusingGPRdatatohelpcharacterizethedistributionofhydrogeologicproperties.