3‐dimensional functional imaging of human brain using echo‐shifted FLASH MRI

A 3‐dimensional MRI method has been developed for functional mapping of the human brain, based on blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast mechanisms. The method uses recently introduced principles of echo‐shifted FLASH to acquire a single 3D data set in 20 s. The technique was tested on a conventional 1.5 Tesla clinical scanner with a standard head coil using visual stimulation with a 8 Hz flashing white light, or a varying checkerboard pattern. Areas of increased signal intensity were identified in the visual cortex, consistent with the known functional organization.

[1]  S. Ogawa,et al.  Oxygenation‐sensitive contrast in magnetic resonance image of rodent brain at high magnetic fields , 1990, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[2]  D. Tank,et al.  Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[3]  S. Ogawa.  Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast-dependent oxygenation , 1990 .

[4]  R. Turner,et al.  Echo‐planar time course MRI of cat brain oxygenation changes , 1991, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[5]  Guoying Liu,et al.  A fast gradient‐recalled MRI technique with increased sensitivity to dynamic susceptibility effects , 1992, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[6]  R. Turner,et al.  Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[7]  J. Frahm,et al.  Dynamic MR imaging of human brain oxygenation during rest and photic stimulation , 1992, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[8]  R. S. Hinks,et al.  Time course EPI of human brain function during task activation , 1992, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[9]  Ravi S. Menon,et al.  Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[10]  G. McCarthy,et al.  Dynamic mapping of the human visual cortex by high-speed magnetic resonance imaging. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  E. Haacke,et al.  Identification of vascular structures as a major source of signal contrast in high resolution 2D and 3D functional activation imaging of the motor cortex at l.5T preliminary results , 1993, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[12]  R. Turner,et al.  Functional mapping of the human visual cortex at 4 and 1.5 tesla using deoxygenation contrast EPI , 1993, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[13]  Jonathan D. Cohen,et al.  Functional topographic mapping of the cortical ribbon in human vision with conventional MRI scanners , 1993, Nature.

[14]  Z. Cho,et al.  Functional Brain Imaging Using Blood Flow Changes , 1993 .

[15]  A. P. Georgopoulos,et al.  Functional magnetic resonance imaging of motor cortex: hemispheric asymmetry and handedness. , 1993, Science.

[16]  T K Foo,et al.  Measurement of brain activity with bolus administration of contrast agent and gradient-echo MR imaging. , 1993, Radiology.

[17]  E C Wong,et al.  Processing strategies for time‐course data sets in functional mri of the human brain , 1993, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[18]  Guoying Liu,et al.  Fast echo‐shifted gradient‐recalled MRI: Combining a short repetition time with variable T2* weighting , 1993, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[19]  J. Frahm,et al.  Functional MRI of human brain activation at high spatial resolution , 1993, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[20]  D. Tank,et al.  4 Tesla gradient recalled echo characteristics of photic stimulation‐induced signal changes in the human primary visual cortex , 1993 .

[21]  J W Belliveau,et al.  Functional mapping of activated human primary cortex with a clinical MR imaging system. , 1993, Radiology.

[22]  J H Duyn,et al.  Inflow versus deoxyhemoglobin effects in bold functional MRI using gradient echoes at 1.5 T , 1994, NMR in biomedicine.

[23]  G Liu,et al.  Functional brain MR imaging based on bolus tracking with a fast T2*-sensitized gradient-echo method. , 1994, Magnetic resonance imaging.