Dangerous situations in the velocity effect model

This paper investigates the occurrence of dangerous situations (DS) in the velocity effect (VE) model. The VE model is different from the Nagel-Schreckenberg (NS) model and the Fukui-Ishibashi model in that it is based on a non-exclusion process. Two different types of DS-DS caused by stopped cars and DS caused by non-stopped cars-are studied. The results are compared with those from the NS model. It is shown that in the deterministic case, DS caused by stopped cars in the VE model are as likely as those in the NS model provided that one starts from the same random initial conditions. In the non-deterministic case, DS caused by stopped cars in the VE model are qualitatively similar to those in the NS model but quantitatively different. As regards DS caused by non-stopped cars in the VE model, there are none in the deterministic case and there are none when the density is large and positive for small density in the non-deterministic case.

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