Study on the Spatial Differences, Dynamic Evolution and Convergence of Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Reducing carbon emissions is essential for global sustainable development and has become a key concern around the world. In this study, we analyzed the spatial differences, dynamic evolution and convergence characteristics of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 92 countries from 1990 to 2021. The Dagum Gini coefficient, Kernel density analysis, Markov chain analysis and fixed effect model were used in this study. The results showed that, from the perspective of overall differences, the overall differences in global CO2 emissions during the study period showed a gradually increasing trend, and the inequality trend became more and more obvious. Based on the perspective of distribution dynamics, there is an obvious spatial disequilibrium of global CO2 emissions. In terms of the evolution law, its distribution dynamic law is relatively stable, the relative position of CO2 emissions is relatively stable, and different groups transfer to themselves with a greater probability. There is no obvious σ convergence in global CO2 emissions, but there is absolute β convergence. This study innovatively analyzed the differential characteristics of carbon dioxide emissions from a global perspective. The research results can provide a reference for clarifying countries’ carbon emission reduction responsibilities and promoting the green transformation of the global economy.

[1]  Jayanthi R. Alaganthiran,et al.  The effects of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in selected Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries , 2022, Heliyon.

[2]  Yawei Guo,et al.  Globalization spatial spillover effects and carbon emissions: What is the role of economic complexity? , 2022, Energy Economics.

[3]  H. An,et al.  Adjusting the global industrial structure for minimizing global carbon emissions: A network-based multi-objective optimization approach. , 2022, The Science of the total environment.

[4]  Wenli Qiang,et al.  Spatial characteristics and influencing factors of carbon emissions in county-level cities of China based on urbanization , 2021, Progress in Geography.

[5]  R. Duarte,et al.  Exploring carbon emissions and international inequality in a globalized world: A multiregional-multisectoral perspective , 2020 .

[6]  Chao Feng,et al.  Decoupling economic growth from carbon dioxide emissions in China's metal industrial sectors: A technological and efficiency perspective. , 2019, The Science of the total environment.

[7]  S. Awaworyi Churchill,et al.  Conditional convergence in per capita carbon emissions since 1900 , 2018, Applied Energy.

[8]  Jung Wan Lee,et al.  Assessing the dynamic impact of tourism, industrialization, urbanization, and globalization on growth and environment in Southeast Asia , 2017 .

[9]  J. Duro,et al.  Empirics of the International Inequality in $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$CO2 Emissions Intensity: Explanatory Factors According to Complementary Decomposition Methodologies , 2016 .

[10]  Gao Min.  Dynamic Changes and Spatial Agglomeration Analysis of the Chinese Agricultural Carbon Emissions Performance , 2015 .

[11]  Rangan Gupta,et al.  Convergence of greenhouse gas emissions among G7 countries , 2013 .

[12]  Boqiang Lin,et al.  Global convergence in per capita CO2 emissions , 2013 .

[13]  Yan Li,et al.  Carbon inequality at the sub-national scale: A case study of provincial-level inequality in CO2 emissions in China 1997-2007 , 2011 .

[14]  H. Matthews,et al.  Future CO2 Emissions and Climate Change from Existing Energy Infrastructure , 2010, Science.

[15]  M. Havranek,et al.  Methodology for inventorying greenhouse gas emissions from global cities , 2010 .

[16]  T. Wiedmann.  A review of recent multi-region input–output models used for consumption-based emission and resource accounting , 2009 .

[17]  Diego Romero-Ávila,et al.  Convergence in carbon dioxide emissions among industrialised countries revisited , 2008 .

[18]  Joakim Westerlund,et al.  Testing for Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions Using a Century of Panel Data , 2008 .

[19]  Emilio Padilla,et al.  Inequality in CO2 emissions across countries and its relationship with income inequality: A distributive approach , 2006 .

[20]  J. Duro,et al.  International inequalities in per capita CO2 emissions: A decomposition methodology by Kaya factors , 2006 .

[21]  Joseph E. Aldy,et al.  Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Convergence or Divergence? , 2005 .

[22]  Quentin Wodon,et al.  Inequality in CO2 Emissions Between Poor and Rich Countries , 1997 .