Ignition delay time sensitivity in ignition quality tester (IQT) and its relation to octane sensitivity

Abstract Cetane number (CN) is a commonly used metric to rate the ignition quality of distillate fuels. In this work, a concept of sensitivity in ignition delay time (IDT) obtained with an ignition quality tester (IQT) is proposed, which is correlated to octane sensitivity (OS), i.e., the difference between research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON). The concept is based on the determination of IDT using the ASTM D6890 standard and IDT obtained at a temperature lower than that prescribed by the standard. The IDT measured at this lower temperature is referred to as IDT l , which is obtained via a calibration procedure similar to the ASTM D6890 standard, but with a higher value of reference IDT for calibration with n-heptane. The IDT h (measured at the derived cetane number (DCN) ASTM D6890 condition) of a given test fuel and a binary primary reference fuel (PRF) mixture of iso-octane and n-heptane was measured to identify a PRF with matching IDTh as the test fuel. The ratio of low temperature IDTs of the non-PRF test fuel and PRF, i.e., IDT l , non-PRF / IDT l , PRF was defined as IDT sensitivity (IDS), which was correlated with the OS of the test fuel. The RON and MON values of a wide range of fuel classes including surrogate fuels and fully blended practical fuels were estimated, and showed satisfactory agreement with measured RON/MON values. The RON values of many pure components that could not be measured with the standard test method ASTM D2699 were also estimated. Two certification diesels and Saudi Arabian pump grade diesel were also tested.

[1]  Tiziano Faravelli,et al.  Detailed Chemistry Promotes Understanding of Octane Numbers and Gasoline Sensitivity , 2006 .

[2]  Jihad Badra,et al.  A Simple Method to Predict Knock Using Toluene, N-Heptane and Iso-Octane Blends (TPRF) as Gasoline Surrogates , 2015 .

[3]  Gerhard Knothe,et al.  Biodiesel and renewable diesel: A comparison , 2010 .

[4]  G. T. Kalghatgi,et al.  WITHDRAWN: Developments in internal combustion engines and implications for combustion science and future transport fuels , 2014 .

[5]  Vickey B. Kalaskar,et al.  Impact of Fuel Composition and Intake Pressure on Lean Autoignition of Surrogate Gasoline Fuels in a CFR Engine , 2017 .

[6]  Gautam Kalghatgi,et al.  Fuel Anti-Knock Quality - Part I. Engine Studies. , 2001 .

[7]  Matthew A. Ratcliff,et al.  Effects of iso-octane/ethanol blend ratios on the observance of negative temperature coefficient behavior within the Ignition Quality Tester , 2016 .

[8]  A. Boehman,et al.  Experimental Investigation of the Autoignition Behavior of Surrogate Gasoline Fuels in a Constant-Volume Combustion Bomb Apparatus and Its Relevance to HCCI Combustion , 2012 .

[9]  John E. Dec,et al.  Advanced compression-ignition engines—understanding the in-cylinder processes , 2009 .

[10]  Samveg Saxena,et al.  Fundamental phenomena affecting low temperature combustion and HCCI engines, high load limits and strategies for extending these limits , 2013 .

[11]  Andrew C. Matheaus,et al.  Cetane numbers of branched and straight-chain fatty esters determined in an ignition quality tester , 2003 .

[12]  John B. Heywood,et al.  The Shift in Relevance of Fuel RON and MON to Knock Onset in Modern SI Engines Over the Last 70 Years , 2009 .

[13]  Thomas W. Ryan,et al.  Analysis of the Ignition Behaviour of the ASTM D-613 Primary Reference Fuels and Full Boiling Range Diesel Fuels in the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT™) - Part III , 1999 .

[14]  A. Amer,et al.  An Alternative Method Based on Toluene/n-Heptane Surrogate Fuels for Rating the Anti-Knock Quality of Practical Gasolines , 2014 .

[15]  Thomas W. Ryan,et al.  Diesel Fuel Ignition Quality as Determined in the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) - Part II , 1996 .

[16]  Aamir Farooq,et al.  Recent progress in gasoline surrogate fuels , 2018 .

[17]  Avinash Kumar Agarwal,et al.  Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines , 2007 .

[18]  Karl O. Albrecht,et al.  Selection Criteria and Screening of Potential Biomass-Derived Streams as Fuel Blendstocks for Advanced Spark-Ignition Engines , 2017 .

[19]  Thomas W. Ryan,et al.  Correlation of physical and chemical ignition delay to cetane number , 1985 .

[20]  Andrew C. Matheaus,et al.  Fuel Requirements for HCCI Engine Operation , 2003 .

[21]  S. M. Sarathy,et al.  Estimating fuel octane numbers from homogeneous gas-phase ignition delay times , 2018 .

[22]  J. Griffiths.  Negative temperature-coefficient of reaction rate during hydrocarbon oxidation , 1969 .

[23]  G. Edgar.  Measurement of Knock Characteristics of Gasoline in Terms of a Standard Fuel1 , 1927 .

[24]  G. T. Kalghatgi,et al.  Fuel Anti-Knock Quality- Part II. Vehicle Studies - How Relevant is Motor Octane Number (MON) in Modern Engines? , 2001 .

[25]  John B. Heywood,et al.  The Relevance of Fuel RON and MON to Knock Onset in Modern SI Engines , 2008 .

[26]  Magín Lapuerta,et al.  Key properties and blending strategies of hydrotreated vegetable oil as biofuel for diesel engines , 2011 .

[27]  Nicholas P. Cernansky,et al.  Oxidation of n-butane : transition in the mechanism across the region of negative temperature coefficient , 1995 .

[28]  William L. Roberts,et al.  Compositional effects on the ignition of FACE gasolines , 2016 .

[29]  Amit Bhave,et al.  Mapping surrogate gasoline compositions into RON/MON space , 2010 .

[30]  Wolfgang Marquardt,et al.  A Novel Group Contribution Method for the Prediction of the Derived Cetane Number of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons , 2015 .

[31]  Jai Gopal Gupta,et al.  Potential and challenges for large-scale application of biodiesel in automotive sector. , 2017 .

[32]  Adam B. Dempsey,et al.  A perspective on the range of gasoline compression ignition combustion strategies for high engine efficiency and low NOx and soot emissions: Effects of in-cylinder fuel stratification* , 2016 .

[33]  Paul Roth,et al.  Shock-tube study of the autoignition of n-heptane/toluene/air mixtures at intermediate temperatures and high pressures , 2007 .

[34]  Koichi Nakata,et al.  Octane Appetite Studies in Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) Engines , 2005 .

[35]  B. T. Fisher,et al.  Evaluating the Potential of a Direct-Injection Constant-Volume Combustion Chamber as a Tool to Validate Chemical-Kinetic Models for Liquid Fuels , 2017 .

[36]  Thomas J. Bruno,et al.  Diesel Surrogate Fuels for Engine Testing and Chemical-Kinetic Modeling: Compositions and Properties. , 2015, Energy & fuels : an American Chemical Society journal.

[37]  Matthew A. Ratcliff,et al.  Experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling Analysis of Large n-Alkane Ignition Kinetics in the Ignition Quality Tester , 2014 .

[38]  Ziliang Zheng,et al.  Investigation of Physical and Chemical Delay Periods of Different Fuels in the Ignition Quality Tester , 2013 .

[39]  Timothy J. Callahan,et al.  Engine and Constant Volume Bomb Studies of Diesel ignition and Combustion , 1988 .

[40]  M. Ribaucour,et al.  Autoignition Delays of a Series of Linear and Branched Chain Alkanes in the Intermediate Range of Temperature , 1996 .

[41]  Jihad Badra,et al.  Chemical Kinetic Insights into the Octane Number and Octane Sensitivity of Gasoline Surrogate Mixtures , 2017 .

[42]  Gautam Kalghatgi,et al.  Auto-Ignition Quality of Practical Fuels and Implications for Fuel Requirements of Future SI and HCCI Engines , 2005 .

[43]  William R. Leppard,et al.  The chemical origin of fuel octane sensitivity , 1990 .

[44]  Gautam Kalghatgi,et al.  The outlook for fuels for internal combustion engines , 2014 .

[45]  Suk Ho Chung,et al.  Relating the octane numbers of fuels to ignition delay times measured in an ignition quality tester (IQT) , 2017 .

[46]  C. Law,et al.  Theory of first-stage ignition delay in hydrocarbon NTC chemistry , 2018 .

[47]  Charles J. Mueller,et al.  Recent progress in the development of diesel surrogate fuels , 2009 .

[48]  William J. Pitz,et al.  An Approach for Formulating Surrogates for Gasoline with Application toward a Reduced Surrogate Mechanism for CFD Engine Modeling , 2011 .

[49]  M. Oehlschlaeger,et al.  An experimental study of the spray ignition of alkanes , 2016 .

[50]  Biodiesel Fuels , .

[51]  A. Dean,et al.  Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) Investigation of the Negative Temperature Coefficient Region of Alkane Autoignition , 2013 .

[52]  A. Dean,et al.  Investigation of Iso-octane Ignition and Validation of a Multizone Modeling Method in an Ignition Quality Tester , 2016 .

[53]  N. Naser,et al.  Effect of Temperature, Pressure and Equivalence Ratio on Ignition Delay in Ignition Quality Tester (IQT): Diesel, n-Heptane, and iso-Octane Fuels under Low Temperature Conditions , 2015 .

[54]  G. Sergeev,et al.  Negative Temperature Coefficient in Chemical Reactions , 1984 .

[55]  R. Reitz,et al.  Use of Detailed Kinetics and Advanced Chemistry-Solution Techniques in CFD to Investigate Dual-Fuel Engine Concepts , 2011 .

[56]  G. D. Boerlage,et al.  Ignition Quality of Diesel Fuels as Expressed in Cetene Numbers , 1932 .

[57]  Jacob Lee Mendelson.  IGNITION QUALITY TESTER CHARACTERIZATION WITH PURE COMPONENT AND CONVENTIONAL NAVY FUELS , 2016 .

[58]  Matthew A. Ratcliff,et al.  Numerical and Experimental Investigation of n-Heptane Autoignition in the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) , 2011 .