Scattered pilot channel tracking method for PDM-COOFDM transmissions using polar-based intra-symbol frequency-domain average

We have demonstrated an efficient scattered pilot channel tracking approach with a new polar-based intra-symbol frequency domain average (ISFA) for 16-QAM, 40-Gb/s PDM-CO-OFDM systems. This proposal could promise an relatively stable performance even under an rapidly time-varying environment.