Light quality management in fruit orchards: physiological and technological aspects

El manejo de la calidad de la luz (espectro de la luz solar) promete proveer una nueva alternativa tecnologica para la produccion sostenible de cultivos horticolas. Sin embargo, existe poca informacion acerca de aspectos fisiologicos y tecnologicos sobre el manejo de la calidad de la luz en cultivos frutales. La composicion de luz solar cambia ampliamente en la canopia de los huertos, induciendo diferentes respuestas en la planta mediadas por la actividad del fitocromo (PHY) y criptocromo (CRY). Una alta proporcion de luz roja-lejana (FR) en relacion a la roja (R), incrementa la elongacion de brotes, mientras que la luz azul (B) induce un acortamiento de brotes. La luz R y ultravioleta (UV) incrementan la sintesis de antocianinas en la piel de los frutos, mientras que la luz FR muestra un efecto negativo. La luz R y B tambien pueden alterar caracteres morfo-fisiologicos de la hoja en arboles frutales, tales como grosor de la palizada, apertura estomatica y contenido de clorofila. Ademas de mejorar la disponibilidad de la luz fotosinteticamente activa (PAR), el uso de film reflectantes mejora la proporcion de luz UV y R, con efectos positivos sobre respuestas mediadas por el PHY (color de fruto, peso de fruto y crecimiento de brotes), como se reporto en manzano (Malus domestica Borkh.), duraznero (Prunus persica L. Batsch) y cerezo (Prunus avium (L.) L.). Las mallas de color alteran ampliamente la composicion espectral de la luz con efectos sobre el crecimiento de planta, rendimiento y calidad en huertos de manzano, duraznero, kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa A. Chev. C.F. Liang & A.R. Ferguson) y arandano (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). Los mecanismos de las mallas de color parecen estar asociados a procesos fotosinteticos y morfogeneticos regulados por la disponibilidad de PAR, la proporcion de luz B/R, y actividad del CRY. La alteracion de la calidad de la luz afecta significantemente respuestas de la planta en arboles frutales y podria ser una herramienta util para el manejo sostenible (ej. bajo uso de quimicos y practicas laboriosas) del rendimiento y calidad en huertos modernos.

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