An Evaluation of the Vestigial Signal Defense for Civil GPS Anti-Spoofing

A receiver-autonomous non-cryptographic civil GPS antispoofing technique called the vestigial signal defense (VSD) is defined and evaluated. This technique monitors distortions in the complex correlation domain to detect spoofing attacks. Multipath and spoofing interference models are developed to illustrate the challenge of distinguishing the two phenomena in the VSD. A campaign to collect spoofing and multipath data is described, which specific candidate VSD techniques can be tested against. Test results indicate that the presence of multipath complicated the setting of an appropriate spoofing detection threshold.

[1]  Pau Closas,et al.  A Bayesian Approach to Multipath Mitigation in GNSS Receivers , 2009, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing.

[2]  O. Pozzobon,et al.  Signal authentication and integrity schemes for next generation global navigation satellite systems , 2005 .

[3]  Todd E. Humphreys,et al.  Characterization of Receiver Response to Spoofing Attacks , 2011 .

[4]  Todd E. Humphreys,et al.  Practical cryptographic civil GPS signal authentication , 2011 .

[5]  Johnathan York,et al.  A direct-sampling digital-downconversion technique for a flexible, low-bias GNSS RF front-end , 2010 .

[6]  J. A. Volpe.  Vulnerability Assessment of the Transportation Infrastructure Relying on the Global Positioning Syst , 2001 .

[7]  Dennis M. Akos,et al.  A Real-Time Signal Quality Monitor For GPS Augmentation Systems , 2000 .

[8]  T. Humphreys,et al.  Assessing the Spoofing Threat: Development of a Portable GPS Civilian Spoofer , 2008 .

[9]  R. Benjamin Harris.  Evaluation, Refinement and Fusion of Software-Based Pseudorange Multipath Mitigation Techniques , 2002 .

[10]  A. J. Van,et al.  Theory and Performance of Narrow Correlator Spacing in a GPS Receiver , 1992 .

[11]  Guenter W. Hein,et al.  Development of a Real-Time Multipath Monitor Based on Multi-Correlator Observations , 2005 .

[12]  Johnathan York,et al.  A Fast Number‐theoretic Transform Approach to a GPS Receiver , 2010 .

[13]  Andrew G. Dempster,et al.  Analysis of early late phase in single-and dual-frequency GPS receivers for multipath detection , 2010 .

[14]  P. Papadimitratos,et al.  Protection and fundamental vulnerability of GNSS , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Workshop on Satellite and Space Communications.

[15]  Todd E. Humphreys,et al.  Detection Strategy for Cryptographic GNSS Anti-Spoofing , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[16]  Mohamed Sahmoudi,et al.  Multipath mitigation techniques using maximum-likelihood principle , 2008 .

[17]  Todd E. Humphreys,et al.  Receiver-Autonomous Spoofing Detection: Experimental Results of a Multi-Antenna Receiver Defense against a Portable Civil GPS Spoofer , 2009 .

[18]  Markus G. Kuhn,et al.  An Asymmetric Security Mechanism for Navigation Signals , 2004, Information Hiding.

[19]  M.S. Braasch.  Autocorrelation sidelobe considerations in the characterization of multipath errors , 1997, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[20]  Lawrence R. Weill,et al.  How Good Can It Get with New Signals ? Multipath Mitigation , 2022 .

[21]  Letizia Lo Presti,et al.  Signal quality monitoring applied to spoofing detection , 2011 .

[22]  Todd E. Humphreys,et al.  Civilian GPS Spoofing Detection based on Dual- Receiver Correlation of Military Signals , 2011 .

[23]  L. Scott,et al.  Anti-Spoofing & Authenticated Signal Architectures for Civil Navigation Systems , 2003 .

[24]  R. E. Phelts.  Multicorrelator techniques for robust mitigation of threats to GPS signal quality , 2001 .

[25]  Brent M. Ledvina,et al.  An In-Line Anti-Spoofing Device for Legacy Civil GPS Receivers , 2010 .

[26]  R.D.J. Van Nee.  Spread-spectrum code and carrier synchronization errors caused by multipath and interference , 1993 .

[27]  George L. Turin,et al.  A statistical model of urban multipath propagation , 1972 .

[28]  Beatrice Motella,et al.  Detection of spoofed GPS signals at code and carrier tracking level , 2010, 2010 5th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies and European Workshop on GNSS Signals and Signal Processing (NAVITEC).