Caractérisation et Conception d'Antennes Isotropes Miniatures pour Objets Communicants

Les progres realises dans les domaines des reseaux de capteurs disseminees, de l'identification radiofrequence ou des communications millimetriques presagent l'apparition de petits objets, intelligents, autonomes et communiquant par le biais de transmissions radiofrequences. Dans ce contexte, les orientations aleatoires et variables des dispositifs les uns par rapport aux autres engendrent de fortes variations du bilan de transmission en raison de l'anisotropie de rayonnement ainsi que des desadaptations de polarisation entre antennes. Il existe donc un besoin pour de petites antennes bas cout aux caracteristiques de rayonnement optimisees pour une transmission independante de leurs orientations relatives. La premiere partie de ce travail a consiste a proposer un nouveau critere, appele fonction de couverture isotrope, permettant de caracteriser rigoureusement les performances des antennes dans un tel contexte. Cette methode a permis de comparer diverses antennes de la litterature et d'etudier les effets de leurs proprietes de rayonnement. L'influence de l'environnement de propagation a egalement ete etudiee. La seconde partie a consiste a proposer deux nouvelles antennes repondant a cette problematique tout en prenant en compte les fortes contraintes d'integration et de miniaturisation. Un prototype a ete realise et valide l'approche de conception suivie. Finalement, un dernier developpement envisage le cas des multi antennes. Une extension de la methode de caracterisation est proposee. L'une des structures precedentes est developpee en deux versions a deux acces et illustre le principe d'une antenne isotrope a double polarisation orthogonale aux performances optimales.

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