Measures of Attitude Strength as Predictors of Willingness to Speak to the Media

The “spiral of silence” literature has concerned itself more with explaining why people do not speak out than with why some individuals choose to express their political views. This paper analyzes the effects of attitude strength on willingness to speak out in public, using data from four preelection surveys. Those with greater interest in politics, those who have extreme political views, and those who have paid attention to the election are more willing to be interviewed by a news reporter after a pre-election survey. Attitude strength plays a significant role in predicting willingness to express political views in all four surveys.

[1]  Diana C. Mutz THE INFLUENCE OF PERCEPTIONS OF MEDIA INFLUENCE: THIRD PERSON EFFECTS AND THE PUBLIC EXPRESSION OF OPINIONS* , 1989 .

[2]  D. Raden,et al.  Strength-related attitude dimensions , 1985 .

[3]  Jon A. Krosnick,et al.  The Impact of the Gulf War on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluations: Multidimensional Effects of Political Involvement , 1993, American Political Science Review.

[4]  Charles T. Salmon,et al.  The Spiral of Silence Ten Years Later: An Examination and Evaluation. , 1983 .

[5]  P. J. Tichenor,et al.  MASS MEDIA FLOW AND DIFFERENTIAL GROWTH IN KNOWLEDGE , 1970 .

[6]  Jon A. Krosnick,et al.  Attitude Importance and Attitude Accessibility , 1989 .

[7]  Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi,et al.  Reflections on the “Spiral of Silence” , 1991 .

[8]  James M. Olson,et al.  Attitude Importance as a Function of Repeated Attitude Expression , 1994 .

[9]  M. Zanna,et al.  Attitudinal qualities relating to the strength of the attitude-behavior relationship☆ , 1978 .

[10]  J. Krosnick,et al.  Attitude strength: One construct or many related constructs? , 1993 .

[11]  E. Noelle-Neumann The Spiral of Silence A Theory of Public Opinion , 1974 .

[12]  D. Granberg,et al.  Subjective agreement with the presidential candidates of 1976 and 1980. , 1982 .

[13]  Kurt Neuwirth,et al.  Perceptions of Opinion “Climates” and Willingness to Discuss the Issue of Abortion , 1990 .

[14]  S. Asch Opinions and Social Pressure , 1955, Nature.

[15]  Mark Baldassare,et al.  POPULARITY IN A FREEFALL: MEASURING A SPIRAL OF SILENCE AT THE END OF THE BUSH PRESIDENCY , 1994 .

[16]  Hugh M. Culbertson,et al.  HOW MEDIA USE AND RELIANCE AFFECT KNOWLEDGE LEVEL , 1986 .

[17]  S. Becker,et al.  Media Use, Issue/Image Discriminations, and Voting , 1987 .

[18]  C. Judd,et al.  Effects of Repeated Expressions on Attitude Extremity , 1992 .

[19]  Jack M. McLeod,et al.  Public Opinion du Jour: An Examination of the Spiral of Silence , 1984 .

[20]  Dominic L. Lasorsa,et al.  Political Outspokenness: Factors Working against the Spiral of Silence , 1991 .

[21]  J. Hottois The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion—Our Social Skin . By Noelle-Neumann Elisabeth. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. Pp. xi + 184. $20.00.) , 1985, American Political Science Review.

[22]  M. Baldassare,et al.  USING THE “L-WORD” IN PUBLIC: A TEST OF THE SPIRAL OF SILENCE IN CONSERVATIVE ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA , 1992 .

[23]  BANDWAGONING AND UNDERDOGING ON NORTH-AMERICAN FREE TRADE: A QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL PANEL STUDY OF OPINION MOVEMENT , 1989 .

[24]  S. Moscovici,et al.  The group as a polarizer of attitudes. , 1969 .

[25]  E. Noelle-Neumann,et al.  Turbulences in the Climate of Opinion: Methodological Applications of the Spiral of Silence Theory , 1977 .

[26]  J. Krosnick,et al.  Origins of attitude importance: self-interest, social identification, and value relevance. , 1995, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[27]  J. Krosnick The role of attitude importance in social evaluation: a study of policy preferences, presidential candidate evaluations, and voting behavior. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[28]  J. Krosnick Attitude importance and attitude change , 1988 .

[29]  J. Krosnick,et al.  Attitude intensity, importance, and certainty and susceptibility to response effects. , 1988 .

[30]  Vincent Price,et al.  Opinion Spirals, Silent and Otherwise , 1990 .