Social Network Analysis: A brief theoretical review and further perspectives in the study of Information Technology

Social Network Analysis is a widely used approach in psychology, as in social science, economics and other fields. The peculiarity of this perspective is that it focuses not on individuals or other social units, but on the relationship between them. In this paper, our aim is to give a general review of this perspective, giving a description of resources and principal topics covered by Social Network Analysis. In the first section, we will concentrate on methodological and formal perspectives of analysis. In the last section, we will introduce some recent studies about Social Network and its relationship with Information Technologies, in particular on the Internet. Lastly, we will show how this approach can be useful to study some aspects of the web.

[1]  Stephen B. Seidman,et al.  A graph‐theoretic generalization of the clique concept* , 1978 .

[2]  Frank Harary,et al.  A graph theoretic approach to the investigation of system‐environment relationships† , 1977 .

[3]  F. R. Pitts A GRAPH THEORETIC APPROACH TO HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY , 1965 .

[4]  Edmund R. Peay,et al.  Grouping by cliques for directed relationships , 1975 .

[5]  F. Harary,et al.  STRUCTURAL BALANCE: A GENERALIZATION OF HEIDER'S THEORY1 , 1977 .

[6]  Duncan J. Watts,et al.  Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks , 1998, Nature.

[7]  Frank Harary,et al.  Graph Theory , 2016 .

[8]  S. Boorman,et al.  Social Structure from Multiple Networks. I. Blockmodels of Roles and Positions , 1976, American Journal of Sociology.

[9]  Phipps Arabie,et al.  Constructing blockmodels: How and why , 1978 .

[10]  Mark S. Granovetter The Strength of Weak Ties , 1973, American Journal of Sociology.

[11]  Eliot L Siegel,et al.  Technologists' productivity when using PACS: comparison of film-based versus filmless radiography. , 2002, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[12]  Chrysanthos Dellarocas The Digitization of Word-of-Mouth: Promise and Challenges of Online Feedback Mechanisms , 2003 .

[13]  Alejandra Martínez-Monés,et al.  Combining qualitative evaluation and social network analysis for the study of classroom social interactions , 2003, Comput. Educ..

[14]  L. Freeman,et al.  Centrality in social networks: ii. experimental results☆ , 1979 .

[15]  Eliot L Siegel,et al.  Accuracy of interpretation of CT scans: comparing PACS monitor displays and hard-copy images. , 2002, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[16]  James A. Davis Clustering and Structural Balance in Graphs , 1977 .

[17]  Lada A. Adamic,et al.  Friends and neighbors on the Web , 2003, Soc. Networks.

[18]  H. Leavitt Some effects of certain communication patterns on group performance. , 1951, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[19]  Stephen B. Seidman,et al.  Network structure and minimum degree , 1983 .

[20]  S. Berg Snowball Sampling—I , 2006 .

[21]  S J Jay,et al.  Computers and clinical judgment: the role of physician networks. , 1985, Social science & medicine.

[22]  B. J. Fogg,et al.  Persuasive technology: using computers to change what we think and do , 2002, UBIQ.

[23]  John M. Carroll,et al.  Making Use: Scenario-Based Design of Human-Computer Interactions , 2000 .

[24]  Forrest R. Pitts,et al.  The medieval river trade network of Russia revisited , 1978 .

[25]  John Scott What is social network analysis , 2010 .

[26]  Harrison C. White,et al.  An Anatomy Of Kinship , 1963 .

[27]  Ove Frank,et al.  CHAPTER 16 – ESTIMATION OF POPULATION TOTALS BY USE OF SNOWBALL SAMPLES , 1979 .

[28]  Herbert H. Clark,et al.  Grounding in communication , 1991, Perspectives on socially shared cognition.

[29]  E. R. Peay Nonmetric grouping: Clusters and cliques , 1975 .

[30]  Leonard M. Freeman,et al.  A set of measures of centrality based upon betweenness , 1977 .

[31]  J. A. Barnes Class and Committees in a Norwegian Island Parish , 1954 .

[32]  Paul ten Have,et al.  Doing Conversation Analysis: A Practical Guide , 1999 .

[33]  Per Hage,et al.  A graph theoretic approach to the analysis of alliance structure and local grouping in highland New Guinea , 1973 .

[34]  Chrysanthos Dellarocas,et al.  The Digitization of Word-of-Mouth: Promise and Challenges of Online Feedback Mechanisms , 2003, Manag. Sci..

[35]  Frank Harary,et al.  Graph theory in network analysis , 1983 .

[36]  Philippa Pattison,et al.  The analysis of semigroups of multirelational systems , 1982 .

[37]  George A. Barnett,et al.  Hyperlink-affiliation network structure of top web sites: Examining affiliates with hyperlink in Korea , 2002, J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol..

[38]  P. Holland,et al.  TRANSITIVITY IN STRUCTURAL MODELS OF SMALL GROUPS , 1977 .

[39]  Elton Mayo,et al.  The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization. , 1946 .

[40]  S. Boorman,et al.  Social Structure from Multiple Networks. II. Role Structures , 1976, American Journal of Sociology.

[41]  Thomas J. Fararo,et al.  Biased networks and social structure theorems , 1981 .

[42]  T. Snijders Models for longitudinal network datain , 2005 .

[43]  L. Festinger The Analysis of Sociograms using Matrix Algebra , 1949 .

[44]  R. Jakobson Linguistics and poetics , 1960 .

[45]  S. Nadel The Theory of Social Structure , 1957 .

[46]  P. Arabie,et al.  An algorithm for clustering relational data with applications to social network analysis and comparison with multidimensional scaling , 1975 .

[47]  L. Berlin,et al.  Malpractice issues in radiology. Perceptual errors. , 1996, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[48]  John Skvoretz,et al.  Biased networks and social structure theorems: Part II , 1984 .

[49]  Rebecca S Lewis,et al.  Data from a professional society placement service as a measure of the employment market for physicians. , 2002, Radiology.

[50]  Bailey B. Burritt,et al.  The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization , 1946 .

[51]  Ove Frank,et al.  Clustering of dyad distributions as a tool in network modeling , 1985 .

[52]  L. Vietoris Theorie der endlichen und unendlichen Graphen , 1937 .

[53]  Mark S. Granovetter Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness , 1985, American Journal of Sociology.

[54]  J. Clyde Mitchell Numerical techniques in social anthropology , 1980 .

[55]  Dawn Iacobucci,et al.  Sequential social network data , 1988 .

[56]  P. Bonacich Power and Centrality: A Family of Measures , 1987, American Journal of Sociology.

[57]  L. Katz,et al.  Measurement of the Tendency Toward Reciprocation of Choice , 1955 .

[58]  Michael Stefanone,et al.  Social information sharing in a CSCL community , 2002, CSCL.

[59]  P. Holland,et al.  A Method for Detecting Structure in Sociometric Data , 1970, American Journal of Sociology.

[60]  Stanley Wasserman,et al.  Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications , 1994, Structural analysis in the social sciences.

[61]  R. Alba A graph‐theoretic definition of a sociometric clique† , 1973 .

[62]  R. Luce,et al.  A method of matrix analysis of group structure , 1949, Psychometrika.

[63]  M E J Newman,et al.  Identity and Search in Social Networks , 2002, Science.

[64]  C. White,et al.  Liver and bone window settings for soft-copy interpretation of chest and abdominal CT. , 2000, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[65]  Robert Ackland,et al.  Mapping the U.S. Political Blogosphere: Are Conservative Bloggers More Prominent? , 2005 .

[66]  S E Seltzer,et al.  Expediting the turnaround of radiology reports in a teaching hospital setting. , 1997, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[67]  P. Holland,et al.  An Exponential Family of Probability Distributions for Directed Graphs , 1981 .

[68]  W. Zachary,et al.  An Information Flow Model for Conflict and Fission in Small Groups , 1977, Journal of Anthropological Research.

[69]  J. Shaoul Human Error , 1973, Nature.

[70]  R. Luce,et al.  Connectivity and generalized cliques in sociometric group structure , 1950, Psychometrika.

[71]  Samer Faraj,et al.  The Role of Intermediaries in the Development of Trust on the WWW: The Use and Prominence of Trusted Third Parties and Privacy Statements , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[72]  C. Mills,et al.  The Social Life of a Modern Community. , 1942 .

[73]  Zbigniew Smoreda,et al.  Are social networks technologically embedded?: How networks are changing today with changes in communication technology , 2005, Soc. Networks.

[74]  B. Wellman Structural analysis: From method and metaphor to theory and substance. , 1988 .

[75]  John C. Paolillo The virtual speech community: social network and language variation on IRC , 1999, Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences. 1999. HICSS-32. Abstracts and CD-ROM of Full Papers.

[76]  Ole-Jørgen Skog,et al.  The long waves of alcohol consumption: A social network perspective on cultural change , 1986 .

[77]  P. Pattison,et al.  Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis: Random Graph Models for Social Networks: Multiple Relations or Multiple Raters , 2005 .

[78]  Sharon L. Milgram,et al.  The Small World Problem , 1967 .

[79]  Z. Protopapas,et al.  Impact of filmless radiology on frequency of clinician consultations with radiologists. , 1999, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[80]  Ganesh S. Oak Information Visualization Introduction , 2022 .

[81]  S. Wasserman,et al.  Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis: An Introduction to Random Graphs, Dependence Graphs, and p * , 2005 .

[82]  N Karssemeijer,et al.  Automated detection of breast carcinomas not detected in a screening program. , 1998, Radiology.

[83]  E. Laumann,et al.  Networks of Collective Action: A Perspective on Community Influence Systems , 1976 .

[84]  W. Goodenough,et al.  Human Group , 1951, Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining. 2nd Ed..

[85]  Philippa Pattison Constructing algebraic models for local social networks using statistical methods , 1995 .

[86]  L. Freeman THE IMPACT OF COMPUTER BASED COMMUNICATION ON THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF AN EMERGING SCIENTIFIC SPECIALTY , 1984 .

[87]  O. Frank RANDOM SAMPLING AND SOCIAL NETWORKS A SURVEY OF VARIOUS APPROACHES , 1985 .

[88]  Deborah L. Coates,et al.  Gender differences in the structure and support characteristics of black adolescents' social networks , 1987 .

[89]  Kerstin Forsberg,et al.  FieldWise: a mobile knowledge management architecture , 2000, CSCW '00.

[90]  S. Wasserman,et al.  Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis , 2005 .

[91]  N H Strickland,et al.  Interpretation of CT scans with PACS image display in stack mode. , 1997, Radiology.

[92]  Catherine Balagtas,et al.  Getting that job. , 2012, Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).

[93]  Gordon B. Davis,et al.  Anytime/anyplace computing and the future of knowledge work , 2002, CACM.

[94]  E. R. Peay Connectedness in a general model for valued networks , 1980 .

[95]  John Scott Social Network Analysis , 1988 .

[96]  P. Pattison,et al.  Statistical Evaluation of Algebraic Constraints for Social Networks. , 2000, Journal of mathematical psychology.

[97]  E. Hargittai Weaving the Western Web: explaining differences in Internet connectivity among OECD countries , 1999 .

[98]  Kathleen M. Carley,et al.  Detailed Analysis of Factors Affecting Team Success and Failure in the America's Army Game , 2005 .

[99]  Luciano Rossoni,et al.  Models and methods in social network analysis , 2006 .

[100]  Inna Kouper,et al.  Conversations in the Blogosphere: An Analysis "From the Bottom Up" , 2005, Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[101]  R. Morton,et al.  Who Shall Survive? , 1954, Mental Health.

[102]  R. J. Mokken,et al.  Cliques, clubs and clans , 1979 .

[103]  H. Park Hyperlink network analysis: A new method for the study of social structure on the web , 2003 .

[104]  Patrick Doreian,et al.  Measuring regular equivalence in symmetric structures , 1987 .

[105]  Sandra Gonzalez,et al.  Dynamic Social Network Modelling and Analysis: Workshop Summary and Papers Edited by Ronald L. Breiger, Kathleen M. Carley and Philippa Pattison , 2003, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul..

[106]  Noah E. Friedkin,et al.  Structural Cohesion and Equivalence Explanations of Social Homogeneity , 1984 .

[107]  Kai Hakkarainen,et al.  Patterns of Interaction in Computer-Supported Learning: A Social Network Analysis , 2000 .

[108]  H. White,et al.  “Structural Equivalence of Individuals in Social Networks” , 2022, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[109]  Stefan Bornholdt,et al.  Handbook of Graphs and Networks: From the Genome to the Internet , 2003 .

[110]  Bonnie H. Erickson,et al.  Some Problems of Inference from Chain Data , 1979 .

[111]  Lada A. Adamic,et al.  The political blogosphere and the 2004 U.S. election: divided they blog , 2005, LinkKDD '05.

[112]  J. Davis Clustering and Structural Balance in Graphs , 1967 .

[113]  Lada A. Adamic,et al.  How to search a social network , 2005, Soc. Networks.

[114]  L. Freeman Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification , 1978 .

[115]  S. Wasserman Conformity of two sociometric relations , 1987 .

[116]  F. Heider The psychology of interpersonal relations , 1958 .