Small-scale MDCT-based measures of ventilation and perfusion: The development and valuation of new tools for examining the etiology of regional lung disease

Approved: ____________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________ Title and Department ____________________________________ Date 3 SMALL-SCALE MDCT-BASED MEASURES OF VENTILATION AND PERFUSION: THE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF NEW TOOLS FOR EXAMINING THE ETIOLOGY OF REGIONAL LUNG DISEASE by Matthew Kyle Fuld A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Biomedical Engineering in the Graduate College of The University of Iowa

[1]  R. Riley,et al.  Pulmonary circulation and alveolar ventilation perfusion relationships after pneumonectomy. , 1950, The Journal of thoracic surgery.

[2]  S. C. Cullen,et al.  The anesthetic properties of xenon in animals and human beings, with additional observations on krypton. , 1951, Science.

[3]  S. Kety.  The theory and applications of the exchange of inert gas at the lungs and tissues. , 1951, Pharmacological reviews.

[4]  J. West,et al.  Measurement of the ventilation-perfusion ratio inequality in the lung by the analysis of a single expirate. , 1957, Clinical science.

[5]  J. West,et al.  Distribution of blood flow and ventilation-perfusion ratio in the lung, measured with radioactive carbon dioxide. , 1960, Journal of applied physiology.

[6]  W H OLDENDORF,et al.  Isolated flying spot detection of radiodensity discontinuities--displaying the internal structural pattern of a complex object. , 1961, IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics.

[7]  R. Riley,et al.  Effect of inflation of the lung on different parts of pulmonary vascular bed. , 1961, Journal of applied physiology.

[8]  R. Riley,et al.  Effect of lung inflation on static pressure-volume characteristics of pulmonary vessels. , 1961, Journal of applied physiology.

[9]  S. Permutt,et al.  Alveolar pressure, pulmonary venous pressure, and the vascular waterfall. , 1962, Medicina thoracalis.

[10]  J. West,et al.  Regional differences in gas exchange in the lung of erect man. , 1962, Journal of applied physiology.

[11]  W. C. Ball,et al.  Regional pulmonary function studied with xenon 133. , 1962, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[12]  C. Dollery,et al.  Use of Radioactive Xenon for Studies of Regional Lung Function* , 1962 .

[13]  C. Dollery,et al.  The Distribution of Blood and Gas within the Lungs Measured by Scanning after Administration of 133Xe , 1963, Thorax.

[14]  MEASUREMENT OF VENTILATION/PERFUSION DISTRIBUTION WITH ALVEOLAR-ARTERIAL DIFFERENCES. , 1963, Journal of applied physiology.

[15]  A. Cormack.  Representation of a Function by Its Line Integrals, with Some Radiological Applications , 1963 .

[16]  C. Starmer,et al.  Indicator Transit Time Considered as a Gamma Variate , 1964, Circulation research.

[17]  C T DOLLERY,et al.  DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD FLOW IN ISOLATED LUNG; RELATION TO VASCULAR AND ALVEOLAR PRESSURES. , 1964, Journal of applied physiology.

[18]  C. Carrington,et al.  Morphometry of the Human Lung , 1965, The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine.

[19]  K. Fowler.  Vertical gradient of perfusion in the erect human lung , 1965 .

[20]  D V Bates,et al.  Regional distribution of ventilation and perfusion as a function of body position. , 1966, Journal of applied physiology.

[21]  N. Anthonisen,et al.  Distribution of pulmonary perfusion in erect man. , 1966, Journal of applied physiology.

[22]  J. West.  Distribution of blood and gas in lungs. , 1966, Physics in medicine and biology.

[23]  M. Dolovich,et al.  Regional distribution of inspired gas in the lung. , 1966, Journal of applied physiology.

[24]  D. Pengelly,et al.  Effect of gravity on the distribution of pulmonary ventilation. , 1966, Journal of applied physiology.

[25]  J. Milic-Emili,et al.  Regional distribution of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion in obesity. , 1967, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[26]  J. West,et al.  Vertical gradient of alveolar size in lungs of dogs frozen intact. , 1967, Journal of applied physiology.

[27]  J. Mead,et al.  Measurement of the separate volume changes of rib cage and abdomen during breathing. , 1967, Journal of applied physiology.

[28]  J. West.  Pulmonary Function Studies with Radio-Active Gases , 1967 .

[29]  R. Riley,et al.  Critical closure of pulmonary vessels analyzed in terms of Starling resistor model. , 1968, Journal of applied physiology.

[30]  J B West,et al.  Ventilation-perfusion inequality and overall gas exchange in computer models of the lung. , 1969, Respiration physiology.

[31]  W. Ashburn,et al.  Washout of 133-Xenon gas from the lungs: comparison with nitrogen washout. , 1972, Chest.

[32]  G. Hounsfield.  Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography). 1. Description of system. , 1973, The British journal of radiology.

[33]  J. West,et al.  Gas exchange in distributions of VA-Q ratios: partial pressure-solubility diagram. , 1974, Journal of applied physiology.

[34]  B Bake,et al.  Effect of inspiratory flow rate on regional distribution of inspired gas. , 1974, Journal of applied physiology.

[35]  J B West,et al.  Measurement of continuous distributions of ventilation-perfusion ratios: theory. , 1974, Journal of applied physiology.

[36]  J. Yernault,et al.  [A new interpretation of nitrogen wash-out curves (author's transl)]. , 1974, Bulletin de physio-pathologie respiratoire.

[37]  John F. Nunn,et al.  Respiratory Physiology—the essentials , 1975 .

[38]  R. Brooks.  A Quantitative Theory of the Hounsfield Unit and Its Application to Dual Energy Scanning , 1977, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[39]  J B West,et al.  State of the art: ventilation-perfusion relationships. , 1977, The American review of respiratory disease.

[40]  J F Sackett,et al.  Xenon and krypton as radiographic inhalation contrast media with computerized tomography: preliminary note. , 1977, Investigative radiology.

[41]  J. W. Evans,et al.  Limits on VA/Q distributions from analysis of experimental inert gas elimination. , 1977, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[42]  F. Fazio,et al.  81mKr ventilation and 99mTc perfusion scans in chest disease: comparison with standard radiographs. , 1978, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[43]  A. Macovski,et al.  Clinical application of Compton and photo-electric reconstruction in computed tomography: preliminary results. , 1978, Investigative radiology.

[44]  H. Robertson,et al.  Inert gas elimination characteristics of the normal and abnormal lung. , 1978, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[45]  V. Haughton,et al.  Xenon contrast enhancement in computed body tomography. , 1978, Radiology.

[46]  D Gur,et al.  Dynamic computed tomography of the lung: regional ventilation measurements. , 1979, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[47]  L Kreel,et al.  Pulmonary tissue attenuation with computed tomography: comparison of inspiration and expiration scans. , 1979, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[48]  J. West.  Distortion of the lung within the chest. , 1979, Federation proceedings.

[49]  B Bunow,et al.  Regional ventilatory clearance by xenon scintigraphy: a critical evaluation of two estimation procedures. , 1979, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[50]  J. West.  [Distribution of ventilation/perfusion ratios]. , 1980, Revue francaise des maladies respiratoires.

[51]  J. H. Kinsey,et al.  Three-dimensional imaging of heart, lungs, and circulation. , 1980, Science.

[52]  W. H. Kennedy,et al.  Xenon and Iodine Enhanced Cerebral CT: A Closer Look , 1981, Stroke.

[53]  D. Gur,et al.  Mapping of Human Local Pulmonary Ventilation by Xenon Enhanced Computed Tomography , 1982, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[54]  P. Wagner.  Calculating the distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios from inert gas elimination data. , 1982, Federation proceedings.

[55]  P. Wagner,et al.  Measurement of continuous distributions of ventilation-perfusion in non-alveolar lungs. , 1982, Respiration physiology.

[56]  E.A. Hoffman,et al.  High-speed three-dimensional X-ray computed tomography: The dynamic spatial reconstructor , 1983, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[57]  C. Wells,et al.  The measurement of dyspnea. Contents, interobserver agreement, and physiologic correlates of two new clinical indexes. , 1984, Chest.

[58]  D. Gur,et al.  Local lung ventilation in critically ill patients using nonradioactive xenon‐enhanced transmission computed tomography , 1984, Critical care medicine.

[59]  D. Pierson,et al.  The matching of ventilation and perfusion in the lung of the Tegu lizard, Tupinambis nigropunctatus. , 1985, Respiration Physiology.

[60]  E A Hoffman,et al.  Effect of body orientation on regional lung expansion: a computed tomographic approach. , 1985, Journal of applied physiology.

[61]  S. Permutt,et al.  Effect of lung inflation on lung blood volume and pulmonary venous flow. , 1985, Journal of applied physiology.

[62]  E. J. McCARTHY,et al.  Ventilation perfusion relationships. , 1987, AANA journal.

[63]  B. Brundage,et al.  Measurement of myocardial blood flow by ultrafast computed tomography. , 1987, Circulation.

[64]  K. Beck.  Regional trapping of microspheres in the lung compares well with regional blood flow. , 1987, Journal of applied physiology.

[65]  R. Sartène,et al.  What does inductance plethysmography really measure? , 1988, Journal of applied physiology.

[66]  W A Kalender,et al.  Lung: spiral volumetric CT with single-breath-hold technique. , 1990, Radiology.

[67]  W A Kalender,et al.  Measurement of pulmonary parenchymal attenuation: use of spirometric gating with quantitative CT. , 1990, Radiology.

[68]  B Lachmann,et al.  Safety and efficacy of xenon in routine use as an inhalational anaesthetic , 1990, The Lancet.

[69]  R. Glenny,et al.  Relative contribution of gravity to pulmonary perfusion heterogeneity. , 1991, Journal of applied physiology.

[70]  K. Beck,et al.  Gas exchange in dogs in the prone and supine positions. , 1992, Journal of applied physiology.

[71]  M T Madsen,et al.  A simplified formulation of the gamma variate function , 1992 .

[72]  J. Ikezoe,et al.  Mechanism of Gravity-Dependent Atelectasis: Analysis by Nonradioactive Xenon-Enhanced Dynamic Computed Tomography , 1993, Investigative radiology.

[73]  R W Glenny,et al.  Validation of fluorescent-labeled microspheres for measurement of regional organ perfusion. , 1993, Journal of applied physiology.

[74]  C. Hanger,et al.  Effect of increasing flow on distribution of pulmonary capillary transit times. , 1994, Journal of applied physiology.

[75]  A Heuck,et al.  Reproducibility of quantitative, spirometrically controlled CT. , 1995, Radiology.

[76]  Steven D. Kugelmass,et al.  Matching pulmonary structure and perfusion via combined dynamic multislice CT and thin-slice high-resolution CT. , 1995, Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society.

[77]  T. Matsumoto,et al.  Dynamic pulmonary SPECT of xenon-133 gas washout. , 1996, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[78]  Eric A. Hoffman,et al.  Xenon-enhanced CT imaging of local pulmonary ventilation , 1996, Medical Imaging.

[79]  R W Glenny,et al.  High-resolution maps of regional ventilation utilizing inhaled fluorescent microspheres. , 1997, Journal of applied physiology.

[80]  A. Clough,et al.  Regional perfusion parameters from pulmonary microfocal angiograms. , 1997, The American journal of physiology.

[81]  P. Wagner,et al.  Effects of inhaled nitric oxide on gas exchange in lungs with shunt or poorly ventilated areas. , 1997, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[82]  S. Mijailovich,et al.  Contributions of pulmonary perfusion and ventilation to heterogeneity in V(A)/Q measured by PET. , 1997, Journal of applied physiology.

[83]  A. Clough,et al.  Transit time dispersion in the pulmonary arterial tree. , 1998, Journal of applied physiology.

[84]  E. Eger,et al.  Minimum Alveolar Concentrations of Noble Gases, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Hexafluoride in Rats: Helium and Neon as Nonimmobilizers (Nonanesthetics) , 1998, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[85]  Eric A. Hoffman,et al.  New technique to quantitate regional pulmonary microvascular transit times from dynamic x-ray CT images , 1998, Medical Imaging.

[86]  R. Glenny,et al.  Pulmonary gas-exchange analysis by using simultaneous deposition of aerosolized and injected microspheres. , 1998, Journal of applied physiology.

[87]  S. Lele,et al.  Parameter estimation and confidence intervals for Xe-CT ventilation studies: a Monte Carlo approach. , 1998, Journal of applied physiology.

[88]  Geoffrey McLennan,et al.  Adaptive multiple feature method (AMFM) for early detecton of parenchymal pathology in a smoking population , 1998, Medical Imaging.

[89]  C. Hahn,et al.  A mathematical evaluation of the multiple breath nitrogen washout (MBNW) technique and the multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET). , 1998, Journal of theoretical biology.

[90]  G J Kemerink,et al.  Reproducibility of spirometrically controlled CT lung densitometry in a clinical setting. , 1998, The European respiratory journal.

[91]  R. Glenny,et al.  Pulmonary blood flow redistribution by increased gravitational force. , 1998, Journal of applied physiology.

[92]  Eric A. Hoffman,et al.  Advances in physiologic lung assessment via electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) , 1999, Optics & Photonics.

[93]  R. Glenny,et al.  Validation of fluorescent-labeled microspheres for measurement of relative blood flow in severely injured lungs. , 1999, Journal of applied physiology.

[94]  R W Glenny,et al.  Fractal nature of regional ventilation distribution. , 2000, Journal of applied physiology.

[95]  Marc Kachelriess,et al.  Direct comparison of a xenon and a solid-state CT detector system: measurements under working conditions , 2000, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[96]  R. Glenny,et al.  Extending fluorescent microsphere methods for regional organ blood flow to 13 simultaneous colors. , 2001, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[97]  J Hildebrandt,et al.  Determination of regional ventilation and perfusion in the lung using xenon and computed tomography. , 2001, Journal of applied physiology.

[98]  B. Stoel,et al.  Repeatability of Lung Density Measurements with Low-Dose Computed Tomography in Subjects with &agr;-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency–Associated Emphysema , 2001, Investigative radiology.

[99]  M Salerno,et al.  Dynamic spiral MRI of pulmonary gas flow using hyperpolarized 3He: Preliminary studies in healthy and diseased lungs , 2001, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[100]  B. Simon,et al.  Distribution of pulmonary ventilation using Xe-enhanced computed tomography in prone and supine dogs. , 2001, Journal of applied physiology.

[101]  Gary E. Christensen,et al.  Consistent image registration , 2001, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[102]  Eric A. Hoffman,et al.  Automatic lung segmentation for accurate quantitation of volumetric X-ray CT images , 2001, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[103]  Eric A. Hoffman,et al.  Lung lobe segmentation by graph search with 3D shape constraints , 2001, SPIE Medical Imaging.

[104]  R M Slone,et al.  Repeatability of quantitative CT indexes of emphysema in patients evaluated for lung volume reduction surgery. , 2001, Radiology.

[105]  Kenneth H. Wong,et al.  Dual-modality imaging of function and physiology. , 2002, Academic radiology.

[106]  J. Venegas,et al.  Tracer kinetic model of regional pulmonary function using positron emission tomography. , 2002, Journal of applied physiology.

[107]  Milan Sonka,et al.  Segmentation, Skeletonization, and Branchpoint Matching - A Fully Automated Quantitative Evaluation of Human Intrathoracic Airway Trees , 2002, MICCAI.

[108]  Eric A Hoffman,et al.  Subsecond multisection CT of regional pulmonary ventilation. , 2002, Academic radiology.

[109]  J. West.  Importance of gravity in determining the distribution of pulmonary blood flow. , 2002, Journal of applied physiology.

[110]  Hans-Ulrich Kauczor,et al.  Assessment of lung ventilation by MR imaging: current status and future perspectives , 2002, European Radiology.

[111]  E. Hoffman,et al.  CT-based assessment of regional pulmonary microvascular blood flow parameters. , 2003, Journal of applied physiology.

[112]  H. Kauczor.  Hyperpolarized Helium-3 Gas Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lung , 2003, Topics in magnetic resonance imaging : TMRI.

[113]  D. Aykac,et al.  Segmentation and analysis of the human airway tree from three-dimensional X-ray CT images , 2003, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[114]  R. Glenny,et al.  Physiological evaluation of a new quantitative SPECT method measuring regional ventilation and perfusion. , 2004, Journal of applied physiology.

[115]  Factor analysis of 81mKr lung ventilation studies , 2004, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[116]  Edwin J R van Beek,et al.  MRI of helium‐3 gas in healthy lungs: Posture related variations of alveolar size , 2004, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[117]  M. Paiva,et al.  Noninvasive assessment of airway alterations in smokers: the small airways revisited. , 2004, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[118]  N H Holstein-Rathlou,et al.  Volume adjustment of lung density by computed tomography scans in patients with emphysema , 2004, Acta radiologica.

[119]  John P Mugler,et al.  Functional MRI of the lung using hyperpolarized 3‐helium gas , 2004, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[120]  D. Hill,et al.  Non-rigid image registration: theory and practice. , 2004, The British journal of radiology.

[121]  J. West.  A century of pulmonary gas exchange. , 2004, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[122]  E. A. Hoffman,et al.  Dynamic volume imaging of moving organs , 1982, Journal of Medical Systems.

[123]  Eric A. Hoffman,et al.  Xenon gas flow patterns evaluated by high-speed multi-row detector CT , 2004, SPIE Medical Imaging.

[124]  A. Dirksen,et al.  Hyperpolarized 3He MRI and 81mKr SPECT in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2005, European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging.

[125]  E. Hoffman,et al.  Static versus prospective gated non-breath hold volumetric MDCT imaging of the lungs. , 2005, Academic radiology.

[126]  Barry K. Gilbert,et al.  The dynamic spatial reconstructor , 1980, Journal of Medical Systems.

[127]  G. Snell,et al.  133Xenon ventilation scintigraphy applied to bronchoscopic lung volume reduction techniques for emphysema: relevance of interlobar collaterals , 2005, Internal medicine journal.

[128]  J. Hankinson,et al.  Standardisation of spirometry , 2005, European Respiratory Journal.

[129]  Dimitris N. Metaxas,et al.  Open science - combining open data and open source software: Medical image analysis with the Insight Toolkit , 2005, Medical Image Anal..

[130]  Sasa Mutic,et al.  Reduction of motion blurring artifacts using respiratory gated CT in sinogram space: a quantitative evaluation. , 2005, Medical physics.

[131]  K. Stierstorfer,et al.  First performance evaluation of a dual-source CT (DSCT) system , 2006, European Radiology.

[132]  B. Simon,et al.  Regional ventilation and lung mechanics using X-Ray CT. , 2005, Academic radiology.

[133]  Eric A. Hoffman,et al.  Differences in regional wash-in and wash-out time constants for xenon-CT ventilation studies , 2005, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology.

[134]  Eric A. Hoffman,et al.  A numerical study of gas transport in human lung models , 2005, SPIE Medical Imaging.

[135]  E. Hoffman,et al.  Computed tomography studies of lung ventilation and perfusion. , 2005, Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society.

[136]  Milan Sonka,et al.  Intrathoracic airway trees: segmentation and airway morphology analysis from low-dose CT scans , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[137]  M. Krueger,et al.  The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of regional ventilation: Comparison of measurements by two high-resolution methods , 2005, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology.

[138]  M. Mascalchi,et al.  Spirometrically gated high-resolution CT findings in COPD: lung attenuation vs lung function and dyspnea severity. , 2006, Chest.

[139]  Eric A. Hoffman,et al.  Heart-lung interaction: Effect on regional lung air content and total heart volume , 1987, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[140]  M. Reiser,et al.  Material differentiation by dual energy CT: initial experience , 2007, European Radiology.

[141]  Eric A Hoffman,et al.  Regional pulmonary blood flow in dogs by 4D-X-ray CT. , 2006, Journal of applied physiology.

[142]  Eric A Hoffman,et al.  Mechanism of hypoxemia in acute lung injury evaluated by multidetector-row CT. , 2006, Academic radiology.

[143]  David W. Kaczka,et al.  Four methods of measuring tidal volume during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[144]  Geoffrey McLennan,et al.  State of the Art. A structural and functional assessment of the lung via multidetector-row computed tomography: phenotyping chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2006, Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society.

[145]  Eric A Hoffman,et al.  Effect of low-xenon and krypton supplementation on signal/noise of regional CT-based ventilation measurements. , 2007, Journal of applied physiology.

[146]  Eric A Hoffman,et al.  Characteristics of airflow in a CT-based ovine lung: a numerical study. , 2007, Journal of applied physiology.

[147]  Recirculation of inhaled xenon does not alter lung CT density. , 2007, Academic radiology.

[148]  H. Robertson,et al.  Microsphere maps of regional blood flow and regional ventilation. , 2007, Journal of applied physiology.

[149]  J. Newell.  Quantitative computed tomography of lung parenchyma in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an overview. , 2008, Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society.

[150]  J. Seo,et al.  Xenon ventilation CT using a dual-source dual-energy technique: dynamic ventilation abnormality in a child with bronchial atresia , 2008, Pediatric Radiology.

[151]  Edwin J R van Beek,et al.  Functional imaging: CT and MRI. , 2008, Clinics in chest medicine.

[152]  E. Hoffman,et al.  Regional pulmonary blood flow in humans and dogs by 4D computed tomography. , 2008, Academic radiology.

[153]  Joon Beom Seo,et al.  Xenon ventilation CT with a dual-energy technique of dual-source CT: initial experience. , 2008, Radiology.

[154]  Eric A Hoffman,et al.  CT-measured regional specific volume change reflects regional ventilation in supine sheep. , 2008, Journal of applied physiology.

[155]  K. Stierstorfer,et al.  Technical principles of dual source CT. , 2008, European journal of radiology.

[156]  Thomas Flohr,et al.  Lung perfusion with dual-energy multidetector-row CT (MDCT): feasibility for the evaluation of acute pulmonary embolism in 117 consecutive patients. , 2008, Academic radiology.

[157]  Johan H C Reiber,et al.  Volume correction in computed tomography densitometry for follow-up studies on pulmonary emphysema. , 2008, Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society.

[158]  J. Remy,et al.  Thoracic applications of dual-source CT technology. , 2008, European journal of radiology.

[159]  D. Lynch,et al.  Quantitative imaging of COPD. , 2009, Journal of thoracic imaging.

[160]  Jonathan G Goldin,et al.  Imaging the lungs in patients with pulmonary emphysema. , 2009, Journal of thoracic imaging.

[161]  C. McCollough,et al.  Quantitative imaging of element composition and mass fraction using dual-energy CT: three-material decomposition. , 2009, Medical physics.

[162]  E. Hoffman,et al.  Mass preserving nonrigid registration of CT lung images using cubic B-spline. , 2009, Medical physics.

[163]  A. Dirksen,et al.  Exploring the role of CT densitometry: a randomised study of augmentation therapy in α1-antitrypsin deficiency , 2009, European Respiratory Journal.

[164]  Thorsten R. C. Johnson,et al.  Dual-Energy CT–Technical Background , 2009 .

[165]  J. Seo,et al.  Xenon ventilation CT using dual-source and dual-energy technique in children with bronchiolitis obliterans: correlation of xenon and CT density values with pulmonary function test results , 2010, Pediatric Radiology.

[166]  Miranda Kirby,et al.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: longitudinal hyperpolarized (3)He MR imaging. , 2010, Radiology.

[167]  M. Reiser,et al.  Dual-energy lung perfusion computed tomography: a novel pulmonary functional imaging method. , 2010, Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR.

[168]  Eric A. Hoffman,et al.  Dual Source/Dual Energy Xe-MDCT For Automated Quantitative Assessment Of The Central Airway Tree , 2010, ATS 2010.

[169]  M. Reiser,et al.  Pulmonary ventilation and perfusion imaging with dual-energy CT , 2010, European Radiology.

[170]  M. McNitt-Gray,et al.  Imaging biomarkers for patient selection and treatment planning in emphysema , 2010 .

[171]  P. Gevenois,et al.  Pulmonary emphysema: effect of lung volume on objective quantification at thin-section CT. , 2010, Radiology.

[172]  E. V. van Beek,et al.  Heterogeneity of pulmonary perfusion as a mechanistic image-based phenotype in emphysema susceptible smokers , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[173]  G. Washko,et al.  Association of COPD candidate genes with computed tomography emphysema and airway phenotypes in severe COPD , 2010, European Respiratory Journal.

[174]  E. Hoffman,et al.  Quantification Of Regional Ventilation Via Dual Energy Xenon MDCT , 2010, ATS 2010.

[175]  J. Remy,et al.  Thoracic applications of dual energy. , 2010, Radiologic clinics of North America.

[176]  Nicholas Petrick,et al.  Volumetric CT in lung cancer: an example for the qualification of imaging as a biomarker. , 2010, Academic radiology.

[177]  Joon Beom Seo,et al.  Evaluation of computer-aided detection and dual energy software in detection of peripheral pulmonary embolism on dual-energy pulmonary CT angiography , 2010, European Radiology.

[178]  E. L. Wright,et al.  Xenon as an anesthetic agent. , 2010, AANA journal.

[179]  Sang Joon Park,et al.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: quantitative and visual ventilation pattern analysis at xenon ventilation CT performed by using a dual-energy technique. , 2010, Radiology.

[180]  J. Seo,et al.  Collateral ventilation in a canine model with bronchial obstruction: assessment with xenon-enhanced dual-energy CT. , 2010, Radiology.

[181]  Joel G Fletcher,et al.  Dual-source dual-energy CT with additional tin filtration: Dose and image quality evaluation in phantoms and in vivo. , 2010, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[182]  J. Remy,et al.  Lung perfusion with dual-energy multi-detector row CT: can it help recognize ground glass opacities of vascular origin? , 2010, Academic radiology.

[183]  J. Seo,et al.  Xenon Ventilation Imaging Using Dual-Energy Computed Tomography in Asthmatics: Initial Experience , 2010, Investigative radiology.

[184]  Konstantin Nikolaou,et al.  Dual Energy CT of the Chest: How About the Dose? , 2010, Investigative radiology.

[185]  D. Lynch,et al.  The National Lung Screening Trial: overview and study design. , 2011, Radiology.

[186]  T. Lehnert,et al.  Lung perfusion analysis with dual energy CT in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism--influence of window settings on the diagnosis of underlying pathologies of perfusion defects. , 2011, European journal of radiology.

[187]  Eric A. Hoffman,et al.  Effect of Carrier Gas Properties on Aerosol Distribution in a CT-based Human Airway Numerical Model , 2012, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[188]  Xinhua Li,et al.  Objective characterization of GE discovery CT750 HD scanner: gemstone spectral imaging mode. , 2011, Medical physics.

[189]  Isabel Dregely,et al.  Hyperpolarized Xenon‐129 gas‐exchange imaging of lung microstructure: First case studies in subjects with obstructive lung disease , 2011, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[190]  M. Macari,et al.  Iodine quantification with dual-energy CT: phantom study and preliminary experience with renal masses. , 2011, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[191]  S. Wildermuth,et al.  Dual- and multi-energy CT: approach to functional imaging , 2011, Insights into imaging.

[192]  I. Pavord,et al.  The Role of CT Scanning in Multidimensional Phenotyping of COPD , 2011, Chest.

[193]  T. Flohr,et al.  Pulmonary imaging using dual-energy CT, a role of the assessment of iodine and air distribution. , 2011, European journal of radiology.

[194]  K Nikolaou,et al.  Dual Energy CT lung perfusion imaging--correlation with SPECT/CT. , 2012, European journal of radiology.

[195]  Kai Ding,et al.  Comparison of image registration based measures of regional lung ventilation from dynamic spiral CT with Xe-CT. , 2012, Medical physics.

[196]  J. Remy,et al.  Krypton ventilation imaging using dual-energy CT in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: initial experience. , 2012, Radiology.

[197]  Eric A Hoffman,et al.  Systems for lung volume standardization during static and dynamic MDCT-based quantitative assessment of pulmonary structure and function. , 2012, Academic radiology.

[198]  B. Krauss,et al.  Imaging of ventilation with dual-energy CT during breath hold after single vital-capacity inspiration of stable xenon. , 2012, Radiology.

[199]  Marcel J W Greuter,et al.  Feasibility and accuracy of tissue characterization with dual source computed tomography. , 2012, Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics.

[200]  J. Leipsic,et al.  Reduced iodine load at CT pulmonary angiography with dual-energy monochromatic imaging: comparison with standard CT pulmonary angiography--a prospective randomized trial. , 2012, Radiology.

[201]  Thomas Henzler,et al.  Dual-energy CT angiography of the lungs: comparison of test bolus and bolus tracking techniques for the determination of scan delay. , 2012, European journal of radiology.

[202]  Thomas Flohr,et al.  Low-dose CT of the lung: potential value of iterative reconstructions , 2012, European Radiology.

[203]  Balraj Naren,et al.  Medical Image Registration , 2022 .