Maneuvering in Shallow and Confined Water

A ship’s maneuverability depends on the water depth h of the navigation area in relation to the draft T of the vessel. PIANC (1992) makes a rather arbitrary distinction between deep (h/T> 3.0), medium deep (1.5< h/T< 3.0), shallow (1.2< h/T< 1.5), and very shallow water (h/T< 1.2). The effect of depth restrictions is noticeable in medium deep water, is very significant in shallow water, and dominates the ship’s behavior in very shallow water. In dredged channels giving access to maritime ports, the ship’s under-keel clearance (UKC), defined as (h−T)/T and expressed as a percentage of draft, typically takes values of 10–20% in sheltered areas and 15–40% in areas subject to waves and swell (PIANC, 2014), which implies that navigating in medium

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