3D Nose shape net for human gender and ethnicity classification

Abstract Gender and ethnicity are significant characteristics of human beings. Using human facial data to classify gender and ethnicity of people is important in facial analysis research. A novel method is proposed to address this issue. The method is based on a 3D nose shape organization structure called “3D nose shape net”. To construct the 3D nose shape net, a nose measurement method to determine the distances between different noses and to use the results to cluster noses is proposed. Using the nose clustering results, the 3D nose shape net is constructed. The proposed method uses only the nose data from the 3D face; it is robust to facial expressions and facilitates removal of the poses effect. The 3D nose shape net does not consider the texture information in the nose region; therefore it is robust to illumination and cosmetics on faces. Gender and ethnicity classification results are achieved in 3D nose shape net simultaneously. The experimental 3D nose shape nets are built and tested using the FRGC2.0 and Bosphorus3D datasets.

[1]  Hassen Drira,et al.  Enhancing gender classification by combining 3D and 2D face modalities , 2013, 21st European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO 2013).

[2]  Paul A. Viola,et al.  A unified learning framework for real time face detection and classification , 2002, Proceedings of Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition.

[3]  Hassan Ugail,et al.  Gender Classification Based on 3D Face Geometry Features Using SVM , 2009, 2009 International Conference on CyberWorlds.

[4]  Mehryar Emambakhsh,et al.  Nasal Patches and Curves for Expression-Robust 3D Face Recognition , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[5]  Guodong Guo,et al.  A study of large-scale ethnicity estimation with gender and age variations , 2010, 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Workshops.

[6]  Paul F. Whelan,et al.  3-D Facial Landmark Localization With Asymmetry Patterns and Shape Regression from Incomplete Local Features , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics.

[7]  Gabriel Taubin,et al.  The ball-pivoting algorithm for surface reconstruction , 1999, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.

[8]  Driss Aboutajdine,et al.  Geometric based 3D facial gender classification , 2012, 2012 5th International Symposium on Communications, Control and Signal Processing.

[9]  Yunhong Wang,et al.  Multimodal 2D and 3D Facial Ethnicity Classification , 2009, 2009 Fifth International Conference on Image and Graphics.

[10]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  Ethnicity identification from face images , 2004, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[11]  Hassen Drira,et al.  A Riemannian analysis of 3D nose shapes for partial human biometrics , 2009, 2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision.

[12]  Adrian N. Evans,et al.  Using nasal curves matching for expression robust 3D nose recognition , 2013, 2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS).

[13]  Masato Kawade,et al.  Ethnicity estimation with facial images , 2004, Sixth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2004. Proceedings..

[14]  D. Kendall SHAPE MANIFOLDS, PROCRUSTEAN METRICS, AND COMPLEX PROJECTIVE SPACES , 1984 .

[15]  Hui Lin,et al.  Gender Recognition using Adaboosted Feature , 2007, Third International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC 2007).

[16]  Bao-Liang Lu,et al.  Gender Recognition Using a Min-Max Modular Support Vector Machine , 2005, ICNC.

[17]  Edwin R. Hancock,et al.  Gender Classification using Shape from Shading , 2007, BMVC.

[18]  Aravind K. Mikkilineni,et al.  3D face analysis for demographic biometrics , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB).

[19]  Ming-Hsuan Yang,et al.  Gender classification with support vector machines , 2000, Proceedings Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (Cat. No. PR00580).

[20]  Hassen Drira,et al.  Combining face averageness and symmetry for 3D-based gender classification , 2015, Pattern Recognit..

[21]  Shan Sung Liew,et al.  Gender classification: a convolutional neural network approach , 2016 .

[22]  Yuan Hu,et al.  A fusion-based method for 3D facial gender classification , 2010, 2010 The 2nd International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering (ICCAE).

[23]  Ajmal S. Mian,et al.  Biologically Significant Facial Landmarks: How Significant Are They for Gender Classification? , 2013, 2013 International Conference on Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA).

[24]  Ashok Samal,et al.  Analysis of sexual dimorphism in human face , 2007, J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent..

[25]  Mohamed Daoudi,et al.  Joint gender, ethnicity and age estimation from 3D faces: An experimental illustration of their correlations , 2017, Image Vis. Comput..

[26]  Cuixian Chen,et al.  Eyebrow shape analysis by using a modified functional curve procrustes distance , 2013, 2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS).

[27]  Chen Wang,et al.  Local circular patterns for multi-modal facial gender and ethnicity classification , 2014, Image Vis. Comput..

[28]  Hassen Drira,et al.  Gender and 3D facial symmetry: What's the relationship? , 2013, 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG).

[29]  Xiaoming Liu,et al.  Demographic Estimation from Face Images: Human vs. Machine Performance , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[30]  A. Moeini,et al.  Pose-invariant gender classification based on 3D face reconstruction and synthesis from single 2D image , 2015 .