Teaching Scientific Practices: Meeting the Challenge of Change

This paper provides a rationale for the changes advocated by the Framework for K-12 Science Education and the Next Generation Science Standards. It provides an argument for why the model embedded in the Next Generation Science Standards is seen as an improvement. The Case made here is that the underlying model that the new Framework presents of science better represents contemporary understanding of nature of science as a social and cultural practice. Second, it argues that the adopting a framework of practices will enable better communication of meaning amongst professional science educators. This, in turn, will enable practice in the classroom to improve. Finally, the implications for teacher education are explored.

[1]  N. Nersessian The Cognitive Basis of Science: The cognitive basis of model-based reasoning in science , 2002 .

[2]  P. David Pearson,et al.  Literacy and Science: Each in the Service of the Other , 2010, Science.

[3]  Maria Luiza,et al.  A role for history and philosophy in science teaching , 2009 .

[4]  L. Schauble,et al.  Cultivating Model-Based Reasoning in Science Education , 2005 .

[5]  Claire Howell Major,et al.  Foundations of Problem Based Learning , 2004 .

[6]  L. Schauble,et al.  Students' transition from an engineering model to a science model of experimentation , 1991 .

[7]  Shaaron E. Ainsworth,et al.  Drawing to Learn in Science , 2011, Science.

[8]  R. Sawyer The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences: Introduction , 2014 .

[9]  David F. Treagust,et al.  Inquiry in science education: International perspectives , 2004 .

[10]  Tom Roper,et al.  Science and Mathematics: A Relationship in Need of Counselling? , 2000 .

[11]  Richard A. Duschl,et al.  Teaching scientific inquiry : recommendations for research and implementation , 2008 .

[12]  David Klahr,et al.  Dual Space Search During Scientific Reasoning , 1988, Cogn. Sci..

[13]  Cynthia R. Hynd,et al.  The Role of Refutation Text in Overcoming Difficulty with Science Concepts. College Reading and Learning Assistance Technical Report 85-08. , 1985 .

[14]  David A. Gillam,et al.  A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas , 2012 .

[15]  S. Krauss,et al.  Cognitive Activation in the Mathematics Classroom and Professional Competence of Teachers , 2013 .

[16]  R. Fisher Teaching Children to Think , 1990 .

[17]  Richard Gott,et al.  The place of investigations in practical work in the UK National Curriculum for Science , 1995 .

[18]  J. Osborne,et al.  Students' questions: a potential resource for teaching and learning science , 2008 .

[19]  Mary J. Schleppegrell,et al.  Reading in Secondary Content Areas: A Language-Based Pedagogy , 2008 .

[20]  R. Driver,et al.  Young people's images of science , 1996 .

[21]  J. Shea National Science Education Standards , 1995 .

[22]  Rom Harré,et al.  The Philosophies of Science: An Introductory Survey. , 1972 .

[23]  Jonathan Osborne,et al.  Language and Literacy in Science Education , 2001 .

[24]  H. Longino The Fate of Knowledge , 2001 .

[25]  Felix Stalder,et al.  Pandora's Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies , 2000, Inf. Soc..

[26]  Vanessa Kind Pedagogical content knowledge in science education: perspectives and potential for progress , 2009 .

[27]  Norman G. Lederman,et al.  Handbook of Research on Science Education , 2023 .

[28]  Jeannett Martin,et al.  Writing Science: Literacy And Discursive Power , 1993 .

[29]  Norman G. Lederman,et al.  Examining Pedagogical Content Knowledge: The Construct and its Implications for Science Education , 2001 .

[30]  C. Brammer,et al.  Communication Patterns of Engineers , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication.

[31]  Julian Swain,et al.  Students' discussions in practical scientific inquiries , 2004 .

[32]  R. Mccall,et al.  The Genetic and Environmental Origins of Learning Abilities and Disabilities in the Early School , 2007, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development.

[33]  Philip M. Sadler,et al.  The Influence of Teachers’ Knowledge on Student Learning in Middle School Physical Science Classrooms , 2013 .

[34]  J. Gilbert,et al.  Developing Models in Science Education , 2000 .

[35]  S. Sturdy The private science of Louis Pasteur , 1996, Medical History.

[36]  Baruch B. Schwarz,et al.  The Effects of Monological and Dialogical Argumentation on Concept Learning in Evolutionary Theory , 2007 .

[37]  David F. Treagust,et al.  A typology of school science models , 2000 .

[38]  Stephen P. Norris,et al.  How literacy in its fundamental sense is central to scientific literacy , 2003 .

[39]  C. Snow,et al.  Academic Language and the Challenge of Reading for Learning About Science , 2010, Science.

[40]  Bruno Latour,et al.  Visualisation and Cognition: Drawing Things Together , 2012 .

[41]  R. Hackett Young People's Images of Science , 1996 .

[42]  J. Overhage,et al.  Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences , 2001, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[43]  T. Kuhn,et al.  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. , 1964 .

[44]  Michelene T. H. Chi,et al.  Eliciting Self-Explanations Improves Understanding , 1994, Cogn. Sci..

[45]  Michael Ford,et al.  ‘Grasp of Practice’ as a Reasoning Resource for Inquiry and Nature of Science Understanding , 2008 .

[46]  Wolff-Michael Roth,et al.  Authentic school science : knowing and learning in open-inquiry science laboratories , 1995 .

[47]  Nicole Fassbinder Questions Are The Answers , 2016 .

[48]  Jonah Lehrer The Truth Wears Off , 2010 .

[49]  Andrew Pickering,et al.  The mangle of practice : time, agency, and science , 1997 .

[50]  J. Lemke Talking Science: Language, Learning, and Values , 1990 .

[51]  Andrew F. Read,et al.  Science in General Education , 2013, Nature.

[52]  J. Lagowski National Science Education Standards , 1995 .

[53]  Paul Adams,et al.  Next Generation Science Standards , 2013 .

[54]  Nancy Nersessian Model-Based Reasoning in Scientific Practice , 2008 .

[55]  N. Mercer,et al.  Reasoning as a scientist: ways of helping children to use language to learn science , 2004 .

[56]  H. Schmidt Problem‐based learning: rationale and description , 1983, Medical education.

[57]  Norman G. Lederman Students' and teachers' conceptions of the nature of science: A review of the research , 1992 .

[58]  J. Krajcik,et al.  Nature, Sources, and Development of Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Science Teaching , 1999 .

[59]  Eckhard Klieme,et al.  Current Issues in Competence Modeling and Assessment , 2008 .

[60]  John D. Bransford,et al.  How Students Learn: Science in the Classroom. , 2005 .

[61]  Anat Zohar,et al.  Fostering students' knowledge and argumentation skills through dilemmas in human genetics , 2002 .

[62]  J. Osborne Science teaching methods: a rationale for practices , 2011 .

[63]  Richard A. Duschl,et al.  Two Views About Explicitly Teaching Nature of Science , 2013 .

[64]  D. Klahr,et al.  Heuristics for Scientific Experimentation: A Developmental Study , 1993, Cognitive Psychology.

[65]  Zhihui Fang,et al.  The Language Demands of Science Reading in Middle School , 2006 .

[66]  Andreas Schleicher,et al.  PISA 2009 Assessment Framework: Key Competencies in Reading, Mathematics and Science. , 2009 .

[67]  Norman G. Lederman Nature of Science: Past, Present, and Future , 2013 .

[68]  Robin Millar,et al.  Investigating in the school science laboratory: conceptual and procedural knowledge and their influence on performance , 1994 .

[69]  Roger Osborne,et al.  The Place of Children's Questions in Primary Science Education , 1986 .

[70]  Peter Achinstein,et al.  Concepts of Evidence , 1978 .

[71]  F. Murray,et al.  When two wrongs make a right: Promoting cognitive change by social conflict. , 1982 .

[72]  Ronald N. Giere,et al.  Understanding Scientific Reasoning , 1979 .

[73]  Douglas B. Clark,et al.  The Impact of Collaboration on the Outcomes of Scientific Argumentation. , 2009 .

[74]  L. Schauble,et al.  Scientific Thinking and Science Literacy , 2007 .

[75]  S. Traweek,et al.  Beamtimes and Lifetimes: The World of High Energy Physicists , 1988 .

[76]  C. Chinn,et al.  Epistemologically Authentic Inquiry in Schools: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Inquiry Tasks , 2002 .

[77]  Helen R. Quinn,et al.  A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas , 2013 .

[78]  Matthew W. Lewis,et al.  Self-Explonations: How Students Study and Use Examples in Learning to Solve Problems , 1989, Cogn. Sci..

[80]  W. P. Nelson Sometimes two wrongs may make a right! , 1980, Medical times.

[81]  Gary W. Ritter,et al.  Next Generation Science Standards , 2013 .

[82]  Yair Neuman,et al.  Two Wrongs May Make a Right ... If They Argue Together! , 2000 .

[83]  Richard Lehrer,et al.  Seeding Evolutionary Thinking by Engaging Children in Modeling Its Foundations. , 2012 .

[84]  N. J. Richards,et al.  Reading in Science. , 1975 .

[85]  B. Rosenshine,et al.  Teaching Students to Generate Questions: A Review of the Intervention Studies , 1996 .

[86]  Richard Lehrer,et al.  Modeling Natural Variation Through Distribution , 2004 .

[87]  B. Latour,et al.  Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts , 1979 .

[88]  James B. Conant,et al.  Harvard case histories in experimental science , 1957 .

[89]  Ann L. Brown,et al.  How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school. , 1999 .

[90]  J. H. Driel,et al.  Developing science teachers' pedagogical content knowledge , 1998 .

[91]  Michael Ford,et al.  Disciplinary Authority and Accountability in Scientific Practice and Learning , 2008 .

[92]  Brian M. Wargo,et al.  Dialogic framing of scientific content for conceptual and epistemic understanding , 2012 .

[93]  David Klahr,et al.  SCIENTIFIC THINKING ABOUT SCIENTIFIC THINKING , 1995 .

[94]  Jonas Schmitt,et al.  Understanding By Design , 2016 .

[95]  Mary Lee Barton,et al.  Teaching Reading in Mathematics and Science. , 2002 .

[96]  T. Shanahan,et al.  Teaching Disciplinary Literacy to Adolescents: Rethinking Content- Area Literacy , 2008 .