Nonlinear Dual-Mode Control of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines With Doubly Fed Induction Generators

This paper presents a feedback/feedforward nonlinear controller for variable-speed wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators. By appropriately adjusting the rotor voltages and the blade pitch angle, the controller simultaneously enables: 1) control of the active power in both the maximum power tracking and power regulation modes; 2) seamless switching between the two modes; and 3) control of the reactive power so that a desirable power factor is maintained. Unlike many existing designs, the controller is developed based on original, nonlinear, electromechanically-coupled models of wind turbines, without attempting approximate linearization. Its development consists of three steps: 1) employ feedback linearization to exactly cancel some of the nonlinearities and perform arbitrary pole placement; 2) design a speed controller that makes the rotor angular velocity track a desired reference whenever possible; and 3) introduce a Lyapunov-like function and present a gradient-based approach for minimizing this function. The effectiveness of the controller is demonstrated through simulation of a wind turbine operating under several scenarios.

[1]  P. B. Eriksen,et al.  System operation with high wind penetration , 2005, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[2]  Lie Xu,et al.  Direct Power Control of DFIG With Constant Switching Frequency and Improved Transient Performance , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[3]  Siegfried Heier,et al.  Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems , 1998 .

[4]  R. Chedid,et al.  Adaptive fuzzy control for wind-diesel weak power systems , 2000 .

[5]  G. Moschopoulos,et al.  Simulation of a Wind Turbine With Doubly Fed Induction Generator by FAST and Simulink , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[6]  Kathryn E. Johnson,et al.  Methods for Increasing Region 2 Power Capture on a Variable-Speed Wind Turbine , 2004 .

[7]  Geng Yang,et al.  Robust pitch controller for output power levelling of variable-speed variable-pitch wind turbine generator systems , 2009 .

[8]  Eduard Muljadi,et al.  Pitch-controlled variable-speed wind turbine generation , 1999, Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370).

[9]  Z. Chen,et al.  Optimal Power Control Strategy of Maximizing Wind Energy Tracking and Conversion for VSCF Doubly Fed Induction Generator System , 2006, 2006 CES/IEEE 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference.

[10]  P. Ibanez,et al.  Novel power error vector control for wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator , 2004, 30th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2004. IECON 2004.

[11]  V. Calderaro,et al.  Design and implementation of a fuzzy controller for wind generators performance optimisation , 2007, 2007 European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications.

[12]  T. Ahmed-Ali,et al.  Sliding Mode Power Control of Variable-Speed Wind Energy Conversion Systems , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[13]  C. Chen,et al.  Decoupled control of speed and reactive power of doubly-fed induction generator , 2004, 2004 International Conference on Power System Technology, 2004. PowerCon 2004..

[14]  Lei Zhang,et al.  Pitch control of large scale wind turbine based on fuzzy-PD method , 2008, 2008 Third International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies.

[15]  Gerardo Espinosa-Pérez,et al.  Passivity-based control for variable speed constant frequency operation of a DFIG wind turbine , 2008, Int. J. Control.

[16]  Ned Mohan,et al.  A novel doubly-fed induction wind generator control scheme for reactive power control and torque pulsation compensation under unbalanced grid voltage conditions , 2003, IEEE 34th Annual Conference on Power Electronics Specialist, 2003. PESC '03..

[17]  Gi-Gab Yoon,et al.  Active Use of DFIG-Based Variable-Speed Wind-Turbine for Voltage Regulation at a Remote Location , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[18]  B. Marinescu.  A robust coordinated control of the doubly-fed induction machine for wind turbines: a state-space based approach , 2004, Proceedings of the 2004 American Control Conference.

[19]  Alan Wright,et al.  Design of State-Space-Based Control Algorithms for Wind Turbine Speed Regulation: Preprint , 2002 .

[20]  W. Hofmann,et al.  Optimal active and reactive power control with the doubly-fed induction generator in the MW-class wind-turbines , 2001, 4th IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems. IEEE PEDS 2001 - Indonesia. Proceedings (Cat. No.01TH8594).

[21]  B. Malinga,et al.  Modeling and control of a wind turbine as a distributed resource , 2003, Proceedings of the 35th Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, 2003..

[22]  Xiao-Ping Zhang,et al.  Decentralized Nonlinear Control of Wind Turbine With Doubly Fed Induction Generator , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[23]  P. Olver.  Nonlinear Systems , 2013 .

[24]  A. Mullane,et al.  Modeling of the wind turbine with a doubly fed induction generator for grid integration studies , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[25]  David J. Atkinson,et al.  Stator-flux-oriented control of a doubly-fed induction machine with and without position encoder , 2000 .

[26]  Chi-Tsong Chen,et al.  Linear System Theory and Design , 1995 .

[27]  Bimal K. Bose,et al.  Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives , 2001 .

[28]  Jon Clare,et al.  Doubly fed induction generator using back-to-back PWM converters and its application to variable-speed wind-energy generation , 1996 .

[29]  Mark J. Balas,et al.  Full-State Feedback Control of a Variable-Speed Wind Turbine: A Comparison of Periodic and Constant Gains , 2001 .

[30]  S. Peresada,et al.  Power control of a doubly fed induction machine via output feedback , 2004 .

[31]  Ming Cheng,et al.  Pitch angle control for variable speed wind turbines , 2008, 2008 Third International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies.

[32]  Mark J. Balas,et al.  Design of Modern Controls for the Controlled Advanced Research Turbine (CART) , 2003 .

[33]  L.G. Franquelo,et al.  Improving transition between power optimization and power limitation of variable speed, variable pitch wind turbines using fuzzy control techniques , 2000, 2000 26th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IECON 2000. 2000 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Electronics, Control and Instrumentation. 21st Century Technologies.

[34]  L.Y. Pao,et al.  Control of variable-speed wind turbines: standard and adaptive techniques for maximizing energy capture , 2006, IEEE Control Systems.

[35]  N.A. Janssens,et al.  Active Power Control Strategies of DFIG Wind Turbines , 2007, 2007 IEEE Lausanne Power Tech.

[36]  M. J. Balas,et al.  Non-Linear and Linear Model Based Controller Design for Variable-Speed Wind Turbines , 1999 .

[37]  T. Funabashi,et al.  Output power leveling of wind turbine Generator for all operating regions by pitch angle control , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[38]  Fernando D. Bianchi,et al.  Wind Turbine Control Systems: Principles, Modelling and Gain Scheduling Design , 2006 .

[39]  A. Piccolo,et al.  Designing an Adaptive Fuzzy Controller for Maximum Wind Energy Extraction , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[40]  G. C. Tarnowski,et al.  Adding Active Power Regulation to Wind Farms with Variable Speed Induction Generators , 2007, 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting.

[41]  D. Dawson,et al.  Nonlinear robust control to maximize energy capture in a variable speed wind turbine , 2008, 2008 American Control Conference.

[42]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbines with Doubly-Fed Induction Generators , 2004 .